Why choose a holiday in Djibouti? Small country Armed Forces of Djibouti
The content of the article
Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti. State in northeastern Africa. Capital– Djibouti (547.1 thousand people – 2003). Territory– 23.2 thousand sq. km. Administrative division– 5 districts. Population– 712 thousand people. (2004). Official language– French and Arabic. Religion– Islam, Christianity. Currency unit– Djiboutian franc. National holiday– June 27 – Independence Day (1977). Djibouti has been a member of the UN since 1977, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) since 1977, and since 2002 its successor - the African Union (AU), the Non-Aligned Movement, the League of Arab States (LAS) since 1977, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the Eastern Common Market and South Africa (COMESA) since 1994, and is also an associate member of the European Union.
Geographical location and boundaries.
A continental state located in the Horn of Africa and on the islands of Maskali, Musha and the Seven Brothers. It borders on Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the northwest, southwest and south, Somalia in the southeast, and the eastern coast is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Aden of the Indian Ocean. The length of the coastline is 350 km.
Nature.
Djibouti is located in an area of continuous volcanic activity. Mountain ranges alternate with lava plateaus, and there are many extinct volcanoes. The Gulf of Tadjoura juts out 60 km into the land. The highest point is Mount Musa Ali (2021 m). Minerals - gypsum, clay, limestone, rock and table salt, pumice, perlite and pozzolan. There are geothermal springs.
Climate
– tropical, hot and dry. Average monthly air temperatures are +27–35° C. They reach a maximum of +42–43° in July. The average annual precipitation is 45–130 mm per year. The greatest amount of moisture (500 mm) falls in the mountains of Goda and Mabla. There are no permanent rivers. Large lakes are Assal (salt) and Abbe (freshwater). Lack of drinking water is one of the main problems.
Flora
mostly desert and semi-desert (cereals, various acacias). In the relict forest of Dai (mountain massif of Goda) there are juniper, olive tree, boxwood, thuja, ficus dracaena, etc., and in the valleys there are date palms and doum palms. Mangrove forests have been preserved on the coast and islands. Inhabited by kudu and sassa antelopes, warthogs, hyenas, wild cats, mongooses, honey badgers, sea turtles, monkeys, Saharan foxes, jackals, many birds (about 240 species, including rare species of ostriches), reptiles (including monitor lizards) , cobras and pythons), butterflies and insects. There is an abundance of fish, crabs and lobsters in the coastal waters.
Population.
The average population density is 29.9 people. per 1 sq. km (2002). The average annual population growth is 2.1%. Birth rate – 40.39 per 1000 people, mortality – 19.42 per 1000 people. Infant mortality is 105.54 per 1000 births. 43.2% of the population are children under 14 years of age. Residents over 65 years of age – 3.1%. Life expectancy is 43.12 years (men – 41.83, women – 44.44). (All data for 2004). More than 45% of the population is below the poverty line (2003).
Djibouti is a multi-ethnic state. OK. 60% of the population are Somali peoples (including 48% - Issa (Abgal, Dalol, etc. peoples)), 35% - Afars (or Danakil), 5% - Europeans (most French and Italians), Arabs (in mostly people from Yemen), Ethiopians, etc. More than 100 thousand Djiboutians lead a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. The languages spoken by the vast majority of the population are Afar and Somali.
Djibouti has a high rate of urbanization. Large cities (thousands of people): Ali Sabie (8), Tadjur (7.5), Dikkil (6.5), Obok (5) - 2003. Urban population - approx. 70% (2/3 of them live in the capital) – 2003.
The issue of repatriation of refugees and illegal emigrants (100 thousand people - 2003) from Iraq, Yemen, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea and Ethiopia is acute. Djiboutian refugees live in Ethiopia and Kenya (approx. 20 thousand people - 2001). Since 2000, Djibouti has become one of the new routes for African refugees (via Moscow and Tallinn) to Sweden.
Religions.
Djibouti is a secular state. 94% of the population are Sunni Muslims (there is also a small number of Shiites). Islam began to spread in the 9th century. AD Christians make up 5%, approx. 1% of Djiboutians profess Buddhism and Hinduism (2003). Representatives of some nationalities at the same time remain committed to traditional beliefs.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
State structure.
Presidential republic. The 1992 constitution is in force, approved by a referendum on September 4 of the same year. The head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the president, who is elected by universal direct and secret ballot for a 6-year term. The President can hold this office for no more than two terms. Legislative power is exercised by a unicameral parliament (National Assembly), consisting of 65 deputies who are elected by universal and secret ballot for a 5-year term.
The national flag is a rectangular panel divided into two horizontal stripes of light blue (above) and light green. On the left (at the shaft) a white isosceles triangle is superimposed on the stripes, in the center of which there is a five-pointed red star.
Administrative device.
The country is divided into 5 districts, which consist of municipalities. The districts are headed by the commissars of the republic (prefects who are also mayors of the district centers).
Judicial system.
Based on modern law, Muslim and traditional (customary) law. The Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Appeal, the so-called Security Tribunal, Sharia Courts, District Criminal Courts and Labor Courts. Since 2000, the Ministry of Justice has been taking measures to create a unified legal system in the country.
Armed forces and defense.
The armed forces were created in 1977. In 2002 they numbered 9.6 thousand people: army - 9.2 thousand people, naval forces - 200 people, air force - 200 people. There are also paramilitary units gendarmerie (1.2 thousand people) and national security forces (3 thousand people) - 2002. Since 1992, universal military service has been in effect for men aged 18–25 years. Defense expenditures in 2003 amounted to $26.5 million (4.4% of GDP).
The largest French military base in Africa has remained on the territory of the country since colonial times (2850 people - 2004). Franco-Djiboutian military maneuvers are held regularly. Djibouti was used as an operating base for US troops during the first Gulf War (1990–1991). In the beginning. Since the 2000s, a regional anti-terrorism center has been located here (1,500 US soldiers).
Foreign policy.
It is based on a policy of non-alignment and neutrality. The main foreign policy partner is France. Djibouti promotes the development of cooperation between the countries of the Horn of Africa: in 1985–1986, the country took the initiative to create IGAD (Intergovernmental Development Organization) and took part in resolving the intra-Sudanese and Somali conflicts.
Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Djibouti were established on April 3, 1978. On January 6, 1992, the government of Djibouti recognized the Russian Federation as the legal successor of the USSR. Agreements on trade (1990) and cultural cooperation (1995) were signed. Universities of the USSR and the Russian Federation trained national personnel for Djibouti.
Political organizations.
A multi-party system has emerged (there are more than 20 political parties). The most influential of them: “ People's Union for Progress,NOP"(Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès, RPP), leader - Ismael Omar Gelleh, general. sec. – Mohamed Ali Mohamed The ruling party, the only legal party in 1981–1992, created. in 1979; " Democratic Renewal Party, PDO» (Parti du renouveau démocratique, PRD) Chairman – Abdillahi Hamareiteh, General. sec. – Maki Houmed Gaba. Basics in 1992. Advocates for the creation of a democratic government formed on the basis of a parliamentary majority; " Union of Democratic Alliance, SDA» (Alliance républicaine pour la démocratie, ARD), chairman. – Ahmed Dini Ahmed, (Adan Mohamed Abdou). The main opposition party, created. in 2002; " Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy, FVED"(Front pour la restauration de l"unité et de la démocratie, FRUD), Chairman - Ali Mohamed Daoud, Secretary General - Ougoureh Kifleh Ahmed. Founded in 1991 as an Afar military group , after the split (1994), one of its factions was legalized as a party in March 1996.
Trade union associations.
General Association of Labour, HERE (Union Générale du Travail). Created in 1977, until 1992 it was called the “General Union of Workers of Djibouti.” Unites 22 trade unions with 17 thousand members. Chairman - Yussuf Mohamed, Secretary General - Aden Mohamed Ardou.
ECONOMY
Djibouti is one of the least economically developed countries in the world. The basis of the economy is the agricultural sector. Frequent droughts (the last one in 2000) cause serious damage to the economy. A free economic zone has been created near the port of Djibouti.
Labor resources.
Economically active population – 315 thousand people, including in the agricultural sector – 248 thousand people. (2000).
Agriculture.
Share in GDP – 3.5% (2003). Its structure is dominated by livestock farming - breeding camels, goats, cattle, sheep and donkeys. Agriculture is poorly developed, the area of cultivated land is approx. 1%. They grow vegetables (mainly tomatoes), watermelons and melons. Fisheries are developing (catch of barracuda, loach, trevally, meru, moray eels, tuna, manta ray, etc.). The population also engages in hunting and fishing for pearls, corals and sea sponges.
Industry.
Poorly developed. In 2003, its share in GDP was 15.8%. The manufacturing industry is represented by enterprises for processing agricultural products (confectionery factories, flour mills and dairy plants, plants for the primary processing of seafood, as well as for evaporating salt from sea water, a plant for the production of mineral water), paper, leather, construction and pharmaceutical industries are developing.
International trade.
The volume of imports significantly exceeds the volume of exports: in 2002, imports (in US dollars) amounted to 665 million, and exports - 155 million. The main imports are soft drinks, oil and petroleum products, food products, transport equipment and chemicals. Main import partners: Saudi Arabia (19.7%), Ethiopia (10.9%), China (9.2%), France (6.5%) and Great Britain (5.1%) - 2003. Main products exports - coffee (transit), re-export, animal skins and tanned leather. The main export partners are Somalia (63.9%), Yemen (22.5%) and Ethiopia (4.7%) - 2003.
Energy.
The basis of the fuel and energy balance is imported oil and oil products, as well as charcoal. There are 6 thermal power plants in operation. Research is underway on the use of alternative energy sources (including geothermal waters).
Transport.
The transport network is more developed in the southern districts. An important place in its structure belongs to the seaport in Djibouti (opened in 1888, its expansion began in 2000) - a transit point on international routes from Europe and the Mediterranean to East Africa and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Other seaports are Aden and Jeddah. The maritime merchant fleet in 2004 consisted of 1 vessel. The length of the railways (they are part of the railway shared with Ethiopia) is 121 km. The first line (Djibouti–Dire Dauwa (Ethiopia)) was built in 1902. The total length of roads is more than 3.5 thousand km (with hard surfaces – 500 km). There are 13 airports and runways (3 of them have hard surfaces). Ambouli International Airport (6 km from the capital) is one of the largest in Africa. (All data for 2003).
Finance and credit.
The currency is the Djiboutian franc (DJF), divided into 100 centimes. National currency exchange rate: 1 USD = 177.72 DJF (beginning of 2004).
Tourism.
The country has potential for the development of the tourism business - the presence of a fairly extensive infrastructure, sandy beaches and picturesque landscapes of the Gulf of Tadjoura, conditions for yachting and spearfishing. In 1998, the country was visited by 20 thousand foreign tourists (mostly French). Attractions: tropical aquarium, central market, Dorale beach (Djibouti), the protected islands of Maskali and Musha in the Gulf of Tadjour, Dai National Forest Park, as well as an exotic desert area reminiscent of a lunar landscape, near the city of Ali Sabie.
Underwater hunting (including sea turtles) is prohibited by law. (However, its meat is included in many local dishes). Fishing is permitted only with a license. The extraction and export of corals and shells from the country is prohibited.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Education.
The foundations of the education system were laid in the 1910s. A 6-year primary education is compulsory (officially free), which children receive from the age of 6. Secondary education (7 years) begins at the age of 12 and takes place in two stages - 4 and 3 years. In 2001, 37.9 thousand children of the corresponding age attended primary schools. There are several dozen Koranic schools. Djiboutian youth receive secondary technical and higher education abroad (mainly in France; in the late 1990s, students from Djibouti also studied at Russian universities). OK. 55% of graduates do not return to their homeland after graduation. From the end 2000 began the implementation of a program to reform the education system. 67.9% of the population is literate (78% of men and 58.4% of women) – 2003.
Healthcare.
Infectious diseases (including tuberculosis) predominate. The lack of clean drinking water (about 90% of the population had constant access to it in 2000) leads to outbreaks of intestinal infectious diseases. In 2003, there were 9.1 thousand people with AIDS and HIV-infected people, 690 people died. The growth rate of AIDS incidence is 2.9% per year (2003).
In 2000, 91% of the population had access to health care, and health care spending accounted for 5% of GDP. In terms of infant mortality rate, Djibouti is among the top ten African countries. According to the UN report on the humanitarian development of the planet (2001), the Republic of Djibouti was in 153rd place in the ranking of countries. Doctors are trained abroad (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, France and Russia). In addition to France, Germany, Iraq and Libya provided financial assistance to the healthcare system.
Architecture.
It is characterized by a mixture of Arabic, African and Western European styles. The traditional type of dwelling is a small one- or two-story house under a flat roof, surrounded by a terrace and gallery. Quite thick walls protecting from the heat are built from madrepore blocks (local building material of coral origin). The windows and doors are wooden and decorated with carvings. Among nomadic peoples, their homes are covered with leather tents or huts made of mats. In the city of Djibouti, quarters built in the colonial style have been preserved. Modern construction uses aluminum, reinforced concrete structures and glass.
Fine arts and crafts.
Professional painting and sculpture are in the formative stage. The name of the young artist Robert (pseudonym of Mohammed Hussein) is widely known in the country. Artistic crafts are widespread - weaving products from reeds, making souvenirs (stuffed representatives of the aquatic world, various shells, crafts made of stone and coral).
Literature.
Based on the traditions of oral folk art of the Afars and Issa, it is significantly influenced by the literature of France. Folklore (legends, myths, traditions and fairy tales) is popular. In the 1990s, several collections of legends and tales of local peoples were published in French, Afar and Somali. The circle of writers is small. Modern writers - Abdurahman Waberi (lives in France, two collections of stories by a young author are included in the compulsory school curriculum in Djibouti), Dagher Ahmed. The poet A. Vais is popular.
Music and theater.
Playing musical instruments, singing and dancing are an integral part of the original culture. Traditional music is performed on tom-toms. In the 20th century she was influenced by modern European and Arabic musical cultures. The origins of the national theater began in late 1990s. 1980s Several music, dance and theater groups work at the People's Palace (built in Djibouti in 1985). In the capital there is an amateur theater "Salin", on the stage of which touring foreign artists perform (in 1989 the ensemble "Russian Song" performed concerts).
The development of national literature, music and fine arts is facilitated by the active interaction of the country's creative intelligentsia with numerous francophone organizations operating in Djibouti (including the French cultural center named after A. Rimbaud) and the Goethe Institute (Germany), which regularly hold cultural events.
Press, radio broadcasting, television and Internet.
Published: in French and Arabic - the weekly newspaper “La Nation de Djibouti” (La Nation de Djibouti - “The People of Djibouti”, an appendix to it is published irregularly in the Somali language), in French - the official government bulletin “Journal of Office de la République” de Djibouti" (Journal officiel de la République de Djibouti - "Official Newspaper of the Republic of Djibouti"), the newspaper "Le Progrès" ("Progress") - the printed organ of the ruling NOP, the weekly "Le Renouveau" ("Renewed") ") - the printed organ of the PDO, etc.
"Djibouti News Agency, ADJI" (Agence Djiboutienne d'Information, ADJI) was created in 1978, has been operating since 1982. The government broadcasting and television service has been operating since 1956 (a modern multi-storey studio was built in 1991), daily broadcasts are conducted in French, Arabic and Afar languages, as well as the Somali language. TV programs are broadcast only in the city of Djibouti and its suburbs. There are 6.5 thousand Internet users (2003).
STORY
Pre-colonial period.
The territory of modern Djibouti was inhabited long before the beginning of the new era. In the 3rd century. BC e. Traders from Greece, India, Persia and South Arabia entered here. In the beginning. 9– con. 14th centuries The territory of Djibouti was part of the Muslim state entity Iifat. The Turkish-Portuguese rivalry for control of Djibouti ended with the victory of Portugal (14th century), but in the 17th century. The sultanates seized power again.
Colonial period.
France had been trying to gain a foothold on the coast of the Gulf of Aden since the 1850s. In 1888, the French founded the seaport of Djibouti on the coast. Since 1896, the new colony with the administrative center in Djibouti began to be called the French Coast of Somalia. Trade was actively developing, French colonists created agricultural and cattle breeding farms. The commissioning of the joint Djiboutian-Ethiopian railway (1917) turned the country into an important military-strategic point in the Indian Ocean. In 1946, the colony received the status of an overseas territory of France.
The first political party, the Democratic Union of Somalia (DSU), was created in 1958. In the 1960s, parties were created on an ethnic basis: the People's Movement Party (PMU), the Afar Democratic Union (DSA), etc. Growth in political activity in the colony forced France in 1967 to grant it expanded autonomy, it also received a new name - “French Territory of Afars and Issa” (FTAI). In 1975, the first interethnic party was founded - the African People's League for Independence (APLN), which initiated the movement for the country's independence. In a referendum held on May 8, 1977, 98.7% of the Djiboutian population supported independence.
Period of independent development.
On June 27, 1977, the independent state of the Republic of Djibouti was proclaimed. ANLN Chairman Hassan Gulid Aptidon was elected President of the country. Attempts were made to maintain an ethnic balance between the Issa and Afars (in the first two years of independence, the composition of the government changed three times). In March 1979, on the basis of the ANLN, the party “People's Association for progress" (NOP) headed by H.G. Gulid. After his re-election to a new presidential term in 1981, a one-party regime was introduced in the country. Tensions between the Afars and the Issa in the early The 1900s led to armed conflicts. In 1991–1994, the Afar opposition military group FVED (Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) opposed the government.
In 1992, under pressure from the opposition and international financial organizations, a multi-party system was introduced. In the 1993 presidential elections, H.G. Gulid won again. The FVED resumed armed confrontation with the authorities. After lengthy negotiations, the government recognized the FVED as a legal party. The moderate wing of the party leadership acted in a single coalition with the ruling NOP in the 1997 parliamentary elections. The radical part of the FVED continued anti-government protests until the signing of a peace treaty between them in May 2001.
In 1999, H.G. Gulid, having received 74.1% of the votes, was re-elected president for a new six-year term. With financial assistance from the IMF, the implementation of economic reforms began, calculated until 2002. The volume of GDP in 2002 amounted to 619 million US dollars, its growth was 3.5%. The inflation rate in 2002 was 2%.
Djibouti in the 21st century
The next parliamentary elections took place on January 10, 2003. In the conditions of a boycott of the elections by some opposition parties (SDA, FVED, etc.), the ruling party NOP won.
The country is implementing a macroeconomic development program designed for 2001–2010. One of the priority areas of the government’s modern domestic policy is the fight against hunger and poverty reduction. A serious problem is unemployment (among young people it reaches 60%). The main financial donors are France, the UAE and Saudi Arabia. Since 2002, close relations with France began to wind down. In the beginning. 2005 authorities raised France's rent for the use of military infrastructure to 30 million euros per year.
Presidential elections are scheduled for April 8, 2005. The incumbent president is the only official candidate. The FWED issued an appeal to the people of Djibouti with a call to “unite against the presidential elections,” and to France and the United States, which have a military presence in Djibouti, to “support the transition to democracy in the country.”
Lyubov Prokopenko
Country information:Capital: Djibouti. Currency: Djibouti franc.
Djibouti is a country in northeastern Africa in the Horn of Africa, bordering Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. Despite its small size, Djibouti is inherently a maritime power because it has Africa's most important port on the Gulf of Aden. The country practically consists only of the port city of Djibouti, which is also its capital. Here, on the ocean shore, stands the Presidential Palace, built in neo-Moorish style. Most of the city's buildings have typical colonial style features. It is definitely worth visiting the Central Market "Le Marche Central", located south of the city center, attractive, among other things, because it is one of the few places in the world where fresh branches of khat - a weak drug, rather even a moderate one - are sold completely legally stimulant, so popular in the East. Djibouti is a country of peace and tranquility. Here, while relaxing on the beach, you will enjoy complete privacy, and when you wake up early in the morning, you will be able to see real pink flamingos.
Djibouti. Basic information
Currency
Frank Djibouti
Visa
Visa at the border (stamp/brand). Entry with a foreign passport. Children: Power of attorney from parent(s) for children under 18 years of age.
There is no embassy of Djibouti in Russia yet. Visas are issued through a request to the Russian Embassy in Djibouti. If the answer is positive, the visa is issued at the airport upon arrival.
Time
In winter it is 1 hour ahead of Kiev.
Geography
A continental state located in the Horn of Africa and on the islands of Maskali, Musha and the Seven Brothers. It borders on Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the northwest, southwest and south, Somalia in the southeast, and the eastern coast is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Aden of the Indian Ocean. The length of the coastline is 350 km.
Main partners of the country
Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, China, France, Great Britain, Somalia, Yemen.
Attractions
The national parks of Dai, Maskali Musha, Lac Abbe are the places where you can see wildlife, modest and few in number, but unique even by African standards. On the road from Djibouti to Ali Sabieh, the highway crosses two unique, perfectly flat desert plains - Petite Vara and Grand Bara, which serve as a 'stadium' for windsurfing on wheels. Within 10 km. from the city of Tadjoura there are several peaks that exceed 1300 m and excellent coral reefs accessible for diving and located quite close to the shore. The country's lakes are also quite unusual natural formations. Lake Assal lies in a basin 153 m below sea level, and is a wilderness surrounded by inactive volcanoes and black fields of solidified lava. Lake Lac Gube is filled with sea water and is known among locals as the “pit of demons,” and is separated from Assal by an apocalyptically distorted isthmus of volcanic forces.
The special attractiveness of Djibouti is that it is a country relatively little visited by travelers. An unforgettable dawn on the shores of desert lakes inhabited by flamingos, taking wing with the first rays of the sun. Black lava fields, fantastic natural volcanic chimneys common to the Great African Rift zone, bringing hot steam and volcanic gases to the surface, endless lifeless plains of the Martian landscape - all this can be seen on this tiny piece of African land. And, at the same time, the beautiful deserted areas of the sea coast and the magnificent underwater world of the coral reefs of the Red Sea are completely ordinary, making snorkeling and diving in these places an incredibly attractive activity.
History of the country
The territory of present-day Djibouti came under the rule of Arab sultans in the 7th century. At the end of the 19th century, France established its colonial rule over it, giving it the official name of the French Somali Coast (later French Afar and Issa Territory) in 1896. Political life in Djibouti, both during its stay under the colonial protectorate and after gaining independence in 1977, was largely determined by the struggle between the largest ethnic groups inhabiting the country - the Afar and Issa. During the colonial mandate, the administration was dominated by the Afars, and after the country gained independence, by the Issa. There was a civil war in Djibouti from 1992 to 2000, which ended with a power-sharing agreement.
How to get there
There are no direct flights from Kyiv. The capital of Yemen, Sanaa, can be reached by Egypt Air flight with a transfer in Cairo or using Aeroflot (to Dubai) and Emirates. Connections between Sana'a and Djibouti are operated by local carrier Ethiopian Airlines.
Climate
It's very hot in Djibouti! The climate is tropical, hot and dry. Average monthly air temperatures are +27-35° C. They reach a maximum of +42-43° in July. The average annual precipitation is 45-130 mm per year. The greatest amount of moisture (500 mm) falls in the mountains of Goda and Mabla.
Credit cards
Credit cards are accepted only in the capital
Culture
In the interior regions, the nomads preserved the features of ancient culture. Thus, morals and customs were largely formed under the influence of the nature of the surrounding semi-desert. Their applied art objects are strict and sparingly colored. Silver jewelry decorated with pearls, mother-of-pearl, amber and coral is especially famous. Very elegant rings, earrings and bracelets. Products made of embossed leather are highly valued among nomads. These are saddles, harnesses, waterskins, bags, knife cases, painted red and trimmed with geometric embossed patterns. Women do not wear veils. They have a say in all important issues. This situation of women is explained by the way of economic life of the Afars. For most of the year, men graze camels away from the camps, where at this time only women and children remain. Participation in modern culture is the property of exclusively urban residents.
Summer time
No
Medicines
Standard set of medicines, disinfectants.
Museums
You should definitely visit the Djibouti Tropical Aquarium, which opens daily from 4 to 6:30 pm (except during Ramadan). You can freely stroll past the presidential palace, which is also unusual for the Muslim world, along the colorful sidewalks near the L'Escale theater or visit the yacht marinas, some of the best in the world.
Voltage
220 Volt, 50 Hz, C/E
Population
476,703 people, mainly the Afar and Issa people live here, there are also many non-indigenous residents - Arabs, Somalis, French and other immigrants from Europe.
Regions
The country is divided into 5 districts - Ali Sabie, Arta, Dihil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjourah.
Cloth
The clothing of local men consists of a piece of predominantly checkered fabric, which they use to encircle their slender bodies, like a skirt. Men do not part with a dagger - sime, which is kept in a sheath made of camel skin, decorated with bronze wire. Their hairstyles are unique. A huge head of curly hair, like an umbrella, covers the head of the Afar.
Tourists are advised to wear light clothing made from natural materials, as it is actually very hot, especially during the day. Shoes must be durable.
Authorities
Presidential republic, president - Ismail Omar Guelleh.
Food and water
A popular dish is a version of steak tartare; raw ground beef with various seasonings. Many dishes are served with fiery hot Berbere sauce, a spicy hot pepper paste.
Square
22,000 km²
Beaches
The best beaches near Dorale and Hor Ambado
Purchases
Banks are open from 8:30 to 16:00, with a break for lunch. Many markets are open until late and on weekends. Some bazaars are held once a week and at certain times.
Minerals
Gypsum, clay, limestone, rock and table salt, pumice, perlite, pozzolan, geothermal springs.
Behavior rules
The poor local population sleeps outside at night, so it is not recommended to go out alone.
Holidays
January 1 New Year
May 1st Workers' Solidarity Day
June 27 Independence Day
June 28 Independence Day
December 25th Christmas
Nature and animals
The flora is mainly desert and semi-desert (cereals, various acacias). In the relict forest of Dai (mountain massif of God) there are juniper, olive tree, boxwood, thuja, ficus dracaena, etc., and in the valleys there are date palms and doum palms. Mangrove forests have been preserved on the coast and islands. Inhabited by kudu and sassa antelopes, warthogs, hyenas, wild cats, mongooses, honey badgers, sea turtles, monkeys, Saharan foxes, jackals, many birds (about 240 species, including rare species of ostriches), reptiles (including monitor lizards) , cobras and pythons), butterflies and insects. There is an abundance of fish, crabs and lobsters in the coastal waters.
Industry
The manufacturing industry is represented by enterprises for processing agricultural products (confectionery factories, flour mills and dairy plants, plants for the primary processing of seafood, as well as for evaporating salt from sea water, a plant for the production of mineral water), paper, leather, construction and pharmaceutical industries are developing.
Religion
94% of the population is Sunni Muslim (there is also a small number of Shiites). 5% are Christians, 1% are Buddhists.
Health risks
Infectious diseases, tuberculosis, intestinal infectious diseases, and AIDS predominate.
Sanitary standards
Drink only bottled water, wash your hands before eating, and remove the skin from all fruits.
Connection
GSM 900, international hotel chains have Internet access, several Internet cafes can be found in the capital, but access is limited.
Agriculture
Breeding camels, goats, cattle, sheep and donkeys. Agriculture is poorly developed. They grow vegetables, watermelons and melons. Fishing is developing (barracuda, loach, trevally, meru, moray eel, tuna, manta ray, etc.). The population also engages in hunting and fishing for pearls, corals and sea sponges.
Compound
Djibouti has been a member of the UN since 1977, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) since 1977, and since 2002 its successor - the African Union (AU), the Non-Aligned Movement, the League of Arab States (LAS) since 1977, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the Eastern Common Market and South Africa (COMESA) since 1994, and is also an associate member of the European Union.
Capital
Djibouti
Souvenirs
Handmade souvenirs, local jewelry, pearl items
Customs regulations
The import and export of national and foreign currency is not limited. Duty-free import is allowed: cigarettes - up to 200 pcs., strong alcoholic drinks (with an alcohol content of more than 22%) - up to 1 liter, liqueurs and fortified wines (strength less than 22%) - 2 liters, dry wines - up to 2 liters, perfumes - 50 g, meat - up to 1 kg, fish - up to 2 kg. Labeling expiration dates on food products is mandatory. The import of narcotic substances in any form, weapons and ammunition, printed and video materials of a pornographic nature is prohibited. The export of historical valuables, corals, sea turtle shells, other types of marine flora and fauna, as well as the skins of wild animals is prohibited.
Telephone code
+8-10-253 (city code + tel.)
Transport
The transport network is more developed in the southern districts. An important place in its structure belongs to the seaport in Djibouti - a transit point on international routes from Europe and the Mediterranean to East Africa and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Other seaports are Aden and Jeddah. The length of the railways (they are part of the common railway with Ethiopia) is 121 km. The first line (Djibouti-Dire Dauwa (Ethiopia)) was built in 1902. The total length of roads is more than 3.5 thousand km (with hard surfaces - 500 km). There are 13 airports and runways (3 of them have hard surfaces). Ambouli International Airport (6 km from the capital) is one of the largest in Africa.
Tourism
The country has potential for the development of the tourism business - the presence of a fairly extensive infrastructure, sandy beaches and picturesque landscapes of the Gulf of Tadjoura, conditions for yachting and spearfishing. Underwater hunting (including sea turtles) is prohibited by law. However, its meat is included in many local dishes. Fishing is permitted only with a license. The extraction and export of corals and shells from the country is prohibited.
Festivals Exhibitions
Local festivals are accompanied by songs and dances
Flag
At the base of the flag there is a white triangle, a blue stripe on top, a green stripe below, and a red five-pointed star placed in the triangle. White color symbolizes peace, blue - sea and sky, green - earth. The red star signifies the unity of society. The flag was adopted on June 27, 1977. The aspect ratio of the flag is 2:3.
Tips
Tips are approximately 10% of the bill, but it is better to find out the amount in advance.
Timezone
+03:00 GMT
Language
Arabic and French.
Useful information for tourists about Djibouti, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Djibouti, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions of Djibouti.
Geography of Djibouti
The Republic of Djibouti is a state in northeast Africa in the Horn of Africa. It borders on Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the northwest, southwest and south, Somalia in the southeast, and the eastern coast is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Aden of the Indian Ocean.
Djibouti is located in an area of continuous volcanic activity. Mountain ranges alternate with lava plateaus, and there are many extinct volcanoes.
State
State structure
Djibouti is a presidential republic. The President is the head of government and supreme commander of the Armed Forces. Legislative functions are carried out by the unicameral National Assembly. Executive power belongs to the Council of Ministers, which is accountable to the president.
Language
Official language: Arabic, French
The languages spoken by the vast majority of the population are Afar and Somali.
Religion
94% of the population are Sunni Muslims (there is also a small number of Shiites). Christians make up 5%, approx. 1% of Djiboutians profess Buddhism and Hinduism. Representatives of some nationalities at the same time remain committed to traditional beliefs.
Currency
International name: DJF
The Djibouti franc is equal to 100 centimes, which virtually no one uses. Current banknotes: 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 francs. Coins: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 francs.
In the capital, especially in the part adjacent to the port, merchants accept payment in almost any foreign currency, but preference is given exclusively to euros - dollars and pounds sterling are quoted very poorly. Moreover, all currencies are exchanged not at the official rate, but at the “negotiated” rate.
Two types of institutions have permission to exchange currency: banks (grouped around the central square of Place Lagarde) and private exchange offices (concentrated on Place Menelik). The exchange rate between them is practically the same. But small private offices are still more convenient - they work all day and accept not only euros and dollars, but also the currencies of neighboring countries.
Most large shops, restaurants and hotels in the capital accept credit cards, but in small towns their use is problematic.
Popular attractions
Tourism in Djibouti
Where to stay
Djibouti is a poor country with an undeveloped tourism infrastructure. By 2012, two large hotels were operating in the capital of the country of the same name: Djibouti Palace Kempinski and Sheraton Djibouti Hotel. However, the future of Djibouti's tourism industry is considered by experts to be very promising. The government of Djibouti, realizing the great potential for the development of national tourism, is taking various measures for this - for example, maximizing the regime for foreign investment in tourism infrastructure. Priority is given to the construction of hotels and roads that meet modern world standards.Popular hotels
Excursions and attractions in Djibouti
In the absence of significant architectural and historical attractions in Djibouti (the exception, perhaps, is the capital of the country with rare buildings from the beginning of the last century and a colorful bazaar on trading days), the country's National Tourist Office relies on ecotourism to attract tourists. Untouched nature is the main tourist asset of Djibouti and the main reason for the arrival of foreign tourists. First of all, this is the picturesque coast of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and the beaches of the Gulf of Tadjoura. In addition to the coast, the salt lakes of Abbe on the border with Ethiopia and Assal, the lowest point in Africa (155 meters below sea level), one of the saltiest lakes in the world, are of interest. In addition, the natural scenery of this wonderful place is magnificent - Lake Assal is surrounded by extinct volcanoes and black fields of frozen lava. 
fix
RUSSIAN-DIBOUTI RELATIONS
Diplomatic relations between Russia and Djibouti were established on April 3, 1978. In November of the same year, the embassy of our country began work in Djibouti. In May 2012, the Djibouti Embassy in Russia was opened.
In October 2011, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Djibouti, M.A. Yusuf, made a working visit to Moscow. He met with Sergey Lavrov, a protocol on consultations was signed between the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Foreign Ministry of Djibouti (the last round took place in May 2017 in Djibouti). In February and December 2011, the special representative of the Russian President for cooperation with African countries, M.V. Margelov, visited Djibouti. He met with the President of Djibouti I. O. Guelle, as well as with the Chairman of the Parliament I. A. Ali. In February 2013, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation M.L. Bogdanov was received by President I.O. Guelle and held negotiations with Foreign Minister M.A. Yusuf in Djibouti.
During the period from September 28 to 30, 2015, a Djiboutian delegation, which included representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Military Department, visited Moscow. The next round of inter-Ministry of Foreign Affairs consultations took place at the level of department directors (from the Russian side - the director of the DAF). At a separate meeting at the Russian Ministry of Defense, issues of bilateral military and military-technical cooperation were discussed.
A number of intergovernmental agreements have been concluded between Russia and Djibouti: on air traffic (1982), on cooperation in the field of information exchange (1987), Trade Agreement (1990), on cultural and scientific cooperation (1995).
Djibouti's point of view on a number of key international problems is close to or coincides with Russia's. Djiboutians are supporters of a multipolar world order based on the universal principles of international law, and advocate strengthening the role of the UN as the basis of the entire system of international relations, an instrument for maintaining universal peace and security. The approaches of our countries to the Palestinian-Israeli issue are consonant.
Russian-Djiboutian trade and economic relations have not developed (in 2017, trade turnover amounted to $56 million).
More than 30 Djiboutian students are receiving civilian education in Russia. In September 2015, a protocol of intent was signed between RUDN University and the University of Djibouti.
In 2011, one of the streets in Djibouti was named after the first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin and a memorial plaque was unveiled.
In 2011, Russia provided $1 million in humanitarian aid to Djibouti due to the severe consequences of the drought.
Between Russia and Djibouti visa regime entry for holders of all types of passports. Visas can be obtained both at the Djibouti Embassy in Moscow and at Djibouti International Airport. Holders of diplomatic and service passports can also be issued visas at the airport for a period of 1 month free of charge.
fix
REPUBLIC OF DjiBOUTI
The Republic of Djibouti is a state in northeast Africa in the Horn of Africa, on the coast of the Gulf of Aden and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. It borders Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. Territory – 23.2 thousand square meters. km. The length of the sea border is 370 km. The entire territory of the country is included in a zone of increased seismic activity.
Population about 910 thousand people. The main ethnic groups are representatives of the northern Somali peoples of Issa, Issak (about 55%), and Afar (about 35%). The country is home to large Ethiopian and Yemeni diasporas, as well as Europeans - over 15 thousand people, mostly French. 58% of the population is concentrated in the capital.
Administrative division– 5 districts, according to the names of administrative centers: Ali Sabie, Dikil, Obok, Tadjoura, Arta. The city of Djibouti has a special status as the capital's administrative center.
Official languages - French and Arabic, with the vast majority of the local population speaking Somali and Afar.
National holiday– Independence Day (June 27, 1977). Day off- Friday.
Currency unit– Djiboutian franc (177 JFr = 1 US dollar, fixed rate).
Main religion – Sunni Islam (representatives of other faiths, mainly Catholics - less than 2%).
Djibouti – presidential republic. The current president, Ismail Omar Guelleh, was first elected in 1999; in 2016 he was re-elected for a fourth term. At the same time he heads the government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
Members Governments, including the Prime Minister (since March 2013 - Abdulkader Kamil Mohamed), are appointed by the President.
Legislative functions has a unicameral National Assembly, which consists of 65 deputies elected for a five-year term. Chairman of the National Assembly (NA) – Mohamed Ali Humed (re-elected on March 15, 2018). It is planned to create an upper house – the Senate.
Parliamentary elections took place in February 2018. The ruling coalition “Union for a Presidential Majority” (the base organization is the party of President I.O. Gelle “People’s Movement for Progress”) received 57 out of 65 seats, the opposition alliance “Union for Democracy and Justice” - “Djibouti Party for Development” – 7 seats, “United Democratic Center” – 1.
Political parties and movements. In September 2002, a multi-party system was introduced (previously only 4 political parties were officially active), which made it possible for the opposition, mainly Afar, to enter the political arena (Republican Alliance for Development, Movement for Democratic Renewal, Union for Democracy and Justice) and "Djibouti Party for Development").
Economic situation remains complex. The country lacks industrial and agricultural production and significant explored reserves of mineral raw materials. Development is hampered by weak infrastructure, high electricity tariffs, lack of fresh water and qualified labor resources, as well as difficult natural and climatic conditions. The seaport of Djibouti, which is a major transport hub of regional importance, plays a major role in the economy.
Macroeconomic stability is ensured by a strict peg of the local currency to the US dollar. In 2017, the GDP of the Republic of Djibouti amounted to 1.85 billion US dollars with an economic growth rate of 6.5%. GDP per capita was 1685 US dollars. The state budget deficit is 11.4% of GDP. The share of agriculture is 3.5%, industry, including construction, is 23%. There are acute problems of debt (according to the IMF, by 2017 it reached 80% of GDP) and unemployment (about 60% of the population).
International trade. Djibouti imports almost the entire range of industrial and agricultural goods. The main foreign trade partners are Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, the Gulf countries, France, China and India. The main export item is livestock and animal skins. Negative trade balance – 33%.
Djibouti is a member of the African Union, NAM, LAS, OIC, the subregional Intergovernmental Organization for Development (IGAD), and is also a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
Story
In the first centuries A.D. e. The territory of present-day Djibouti was inhabited by nomadic tribes who spoke the Cushitic languages - Afar and Issa. In the 5th-6th centuries it was part of the state of Aksum. In the 7th century it came under the rule of the Arab sultans. Islam and the Arabic language spread among the local population.
Geographical data
The area of Djibouti is 23,200 km².
Nature
ReliefMountain ranges alternate with lava plateaus and cones of extinct volcanoes. The central part of the country is occupied by rocky, sandy or clayey plains, the lowest areas of which are occupied by salt lakes.
Minerals
The country's subsoil contains reserves of limestone and perlite.
Climate
The country has a desert, hot and dry climate: the average January temperature is +26 degrees C, the average July temperature is +36. There is very little precipitation - from 45 to 130 mm per year.
Inland waters
There are no permanent rivers. In the center of the country is the closed lake Assal, the coast of which is the lowest point in Africa. The lake with a salinity of 350‰ is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world.
Vegetation
The vegetation cover is desert or semi-desert. The grass cover is very sparse. On some mountain peaks and slopes there are sparse forests of junipers, olive trees and acacias. In the oases there are palm trees (dum, date).
Animal world
The animal world is poor. Around the oases there are antelopes, hyenas, jackals; there are monkeys in the forests. Lots of reptiles and insects. Coastal waters are rich in fish.
Political structure
StateDjibouti is a republic. In 1896-1946 - a colony of French Somalia. Since 1946 - an overseas territory of France. In 1967, the territory received internal self-government and became known as the French Territory of the Afars and Issa (FTAI). On May 8, 1977, a referendum was held, during which the majority of the population voted in favor of declaring the country's independence.
Independence was declared on June 27, 1977. The state was named the Republic of Djibouti. The country has a constitution, approved by a referendum on September 4 and which came into force on September 15, 1992.
The head of state is the president. The President is elected by popular vote for a term of 6 years and can be re-elected for another term. The President has significant influence on the government and is the Supreme Commander of the Djibouti Armed Forces.
Legislative power belongs to a unicameral parliament - the National Assembly, which consists of 65 deputies. Deputies are elected by universal suffrage for a term of 5 years. The right to vote - from the age of 18, the right to be elected - from the age of 23.
Executive power is exercised by the president and the government (Council of Ministers). The government is headed by the prime minister. However, a clan-based social hierarchy prevails in the country, as a result of which these groups of representatives are trying to seize key positions in the executive sphere and install a key person of a certain clan as prime minister.
Judicial system. Based on modern law, Muslim and traditional (customary) law. The judicial branch is represented by the Supreme Court, founded in 1979. There is also a Supreme Court of Appeal and a Court of First Instance. Security Tribunal, Sharia Courts, District Criminal Courts and Labor Courts.
Political parties
Djibouti has a multi-party system (there are more than 20 political parties). The most influential of them:
- “People's Association for Progress, POP” (Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès, RPP), leader - Ismael Omar Gelleh, general. sec. - Mohamed Ali Mohamed Ruling party, the only legal party in 1981-1992;
- "Party of Democratic Renewal, PDO" (Parti du renouveau démocratique, PRD) chairman - Abdillahi Hamareiteh, general. sec. - Maki Houmed Gaba. Advocates for the creation of a democratic government formed on the basis of a parliamentary majority;
- "Union of the Democratic Alliance, SDA" (Alliance républicaine pour la démocratie, ARD), manager - Ahmed Dini Ahmed. Main opposition party;
- “Front for the restoration of unity and democracy, FVED” (Front pour la restauration de l "unité et de la démocratie, FRUD), leader - Ali Mohamed Daoud, secretary general - Ougoureh Kifleh Ahmed Founded in 1991 as a military group of Afars, after a split (1994), one of its factions was legalized as a party in March 1996.
Administrative division
The country's territory is divided into 11 districts. The districts are governed by the commissioners of the republic (prefects), who are also mayors of the district centers.
Alaili Dadda; Ali Sabieh District; As Eyla District; Balha District; Dikhil District; Djibouti District; Dorra District; Obock District; Randa District; Tadjourah District; Yoboki District;
Population
Population - 740 thousand people. (est. July 2010).
Annual growth - 2.2% (2010).
GDP per capita in 2009 was $2.8 thousand (167th place in the world). Below the poverty level - 42% of the population (in 2007), unemployment rate - 59% (in 2007).
Agriculture (3% of GDP) - nomadic livestock raising (goats, sheep), tomatoes, as well as watermelons and melons are grown in small quantities.
Exports ($0.34 billion in 2008): Mainly re-exports from Ethiopia, as well as hides and skins.
The main buyers are Somalia 80%, UAE 4%, Yemen 4%.
Imports ($1.56 billion in 2008): food, drinks, vehicles, petroleum products.
The main suppliers are Saudi Arabia 21%, India 17%, China 11%, USA 6%, Malaysia 6%.
External debt - $0.5 billion.
mass media
State television and radio company RTD ( Radio Television de Djibouti- "Radio and Television Djibouti"), includes three television channels (Télé Djibouti 1 (launched in 1986), Télé Djibouti 2, Télé Djibouti 3) and one radio station (launched in 1964).
see also
Write a review about the article "Djibouti"
Literature
- Gusterin P.V. Cities of the Arab East. - M.: East-West, 2007. - 352 p. - (Encyclopedic reference book). - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-478-00729-4.
- Piskunova N. I. Horn of Africa: modern security problems. - Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. - 2014. - ISBN 978-3-659-50036-7.
- Shugaev A. A. Djibouti through the eyes of Russian travelers - Philocartia, 2009, No. 4 (14). - With. 46-49.
Links
- .
Notes
|
||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
The annual population of Kamchatka is
Indigenous people of Kamchatka
Ashgabat is a white marble garden city and the capital of Neutral Turkmenistan