Large international and Russian air transport hubs. The largest transport hubs and corridors in the world. Advantages and disadvantages

The regional transport system of the region refers mainly to

Western European type. In terms of transportation range, it is much inferior to the systems of the USA and Russia. But in terms of transport network availability, it is far ahead, ranking first in the world. The density of traffic is also very high, and the role of international and transit transportation is great. Relatively short distances stimulated the development of road transport, which now plays a major role in the transportation of not only passengers, but also goods. The railway network in most countries is shrinking, and large new buildings in the 50s - 70s. were typical only for some countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania).

The configuration of the region's transport network is very complex. But its main framework is formed by highways of latitudinal and meridional directions, which are of international importance.

River routes also have meridional (Rhine) or latitudinal (Danube) directions. The transport importance of the Rhine is especially great, along which 250 - 300 million tons of cargo are transported per year. After the commissioning of the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway, which connected both of the most important waterways of foreign Europe, it should increase significantly.

Large transport hubs emerged at the intersection of land and inland waterways. Essentially, such nodes are seaports that primarily serve international transport. Many of the world's ports (London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Le Havre) are located in estuaries of rivers that connect them with inland areas. All of them have actually turned into single port-industrial complexes. They are characterized by the development of maritime industries and especially the so-called “port industry”, which operates on imported, overseas raw materials. The largest of them is Rotterdam.

The cargo turnover of the port of Rotterdam is 250 - 300 million tons per year. Located on one of the branches of the Rhine, 33 km from the sea, it serves as the main sea gate for many European countries. It is connected to the hinterland by waterways along the Rhine and Moselle, railways and highways, and oil and gas pipelines.

The transport networks of individual countries have either a radial (single-center) configuration, as in France, where “all roads lead to Paris,” or a multi-center configuration, as, for example, in Germany.

The entire maritime area of ​​Russia is divided into 5 sea basins, in which work is carried out to transport goods and passengers. Each of them has specific economic regions.

The Baltic basin - the Northwestern economic region, as well as a number of regions of the Volga-Vyatka and Ural economic regions gravitate towards it. The entry of the Volga-Vyatka and Ural economic regions into this basin is due to the high development of industry and external relations of a number of industries. The main seaports here are: Baltiysk, Vyborg, Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg.

The Northern Basin transports cargo from four adjacent economic regions: Northern, Ural, West Siberian and partially East Siberian. Vessels of this basin carry out cargo transportation for the population and enterprises of the entire coast of the Far North, i.e. carry out extensive cabotage between such Arctic ports as Tiksi, the mouths of the Khatanga, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma rivers and the port of Pevsk. The main ports of this basin are Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Dikson, Kandalaksha, Murmansk, Naryan-Mar, Onega, Pevsk.

The Black Sea-Azov basin occupies a favorable geographical position and has access to the countries of Europe and the Middle East. Part of the territory of the North Caucasus economic region, a number of regions of the Central, Ural and Volga economic regions gravitate towards it.

The main ports of this basin are: Azov, Yeisk, Novorossiysk, Taganrog, Sochi, Tuapse.

Caspian basin. It is adjacent to the North Caucasus and Volga economic regions. Through navigable rivers and canals it is connected with almost all sea basins of the European part of Russia. Makhachkala is a major port. The first stage of the Olya deep-water port has been built.

Far Eastern basin. Covers a significant territory of the Far Eastern economic region. In this region, maritime transport for the entire coast from the Bering Strait to Vladivostok is the main mode of transport and carries out small and large cabotage, as well as international transport. The main ports of the basin: Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Vladivostok, Magadan, Nakhodka, Okhotsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Provideniya, Sovetskaya Gavan, Ust-Kamchatsk, Kholmsk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

The movement of sea vessels is organized either according to a schedule (usually linear shipping, passenger shipping), or in successive flights (without prior announcement of the schedule). Schedules are drawn up as planned and dispatch, based on control over execution - executive.

Maritime transport is managed by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, Department of Maritime Transport. This is the first link in maritime fleet management. The second is a shipping company (association). Ports have the general status of structural units.

The issue of building the largest port in Luga on the Sea of ​​Azov - Taganrog - in the Gulf of Finland is now being decided. The linear form of shipping is systematically expanding, both in coastal and international traffic. Intensive work is underway to introduce automated control systems into traffic control, especially in large transport hubs.

Maritime transport occupies a special place in the country's economy. They carry out 50% of all export-import transportation. Its importance is especially great in the regions of the North and Northeast. Maritime transport closely interacts with railway transport in transportation. This is especially important in the current conditions of the collapse of the USSR. Direct intermodal transport, especially the direct "ship-wagon" option, caused the reconstruction of railway stations and tracks in a number of ports. In seaports located at river mouths, sea and river transport interact more closely. Maritime transport is increasingly interacting with road transport, especially in the transportation of general cargo.

Geography - 9th grade The importance of transport in the country's economy. Types of transport and their features. Main transport routes and junctions. Transport and environment. Prospects for the development of the Russian transport system.
Transport ensures production connections between sectors of the economy, the exchange of products between different parts of the country, and its foreign trade. An indicator of transport performance is freight turnover (passenger-turnover) - the product of transported goods per year.

Masses of cargo (number of passengers) over transportation distance.

The main types of transport: railway, road, water (river and sea), air and pipeline. A transport hub is a point at which several modes of transport converge and goods are exchanged between them.

The main role in transportation in our country belongs to railways. This is explained by the large size of the country and the advantages of the railway. transport, as a relatively low cost of transportation at a fairly high average speed. Main railway The main highway of the country is Siberia (from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok), in the European part of the country - Pechora (Salekhard-Vorkuta-Konosha).

In second place in terms of cargo turnover is pipe and wire transport. Every year, a huge amount of oil and gas is transferred through the pipeline system from the eastern regions of the country to the western and abroad. The largest pipelines are Druzhba, Mir, Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod.

Road transport carries the most tons of cargo and its importance is growing rapidly. It has high speed and has the ability to deliver cargo directly to the consumer. Road transport is of great importance in mountainous and northern regions where there are no railways. The largest highways (12 highways) extend from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Simferopol, Brest, Chelyabinsk, and Riga.

Maritime transport has the largest average transportation distances. He plays a large role in foreign transportation. The main ports of Russia are St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka.

River transport is of particular importance in the north and Siberia, where large rivers flow and land transport is not developed. In the European part of the country, navigable river routes (the largest of them is the Volga-Kama) are connected by a system of canals (White Sea-Baltic, Moscow Canal, Volga-Donskoy) into a Unified deep-water system of the European part of the country.

The main advantage of air transport is the high speed of transportation, but due to their high cost, its cargo turnover is small. This type of transport is used for transporting perishable and urgent goods. Its role is great in mountainous and northern hard-to-reach areas. Its main specialization is long-distance transportation of passengers (20% of the country's passenger turnover).
.

Transport corridors- this is a set of main transport communications of various types of transport with the necessary facilities that ensure the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit trunk pipelines.

Transport hub is a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations to service transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junction of two or more main modes of transport. In a transport system, nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Large transport hubs are always large cities because they attract trade, it is convenient to develop industry here (there are no supply problems), and the transport terminals themselves provide many jobs. Many cities arose at the intersection of land or waterways, that is, as transport hubs (many still exist due to this role). First of all, these are port cities: in the UK - London, in France - Marseille, Paris, in Germany - Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Bremen, in Spain - Bilbao, Barcelona, ​​in Italy - Venice, Milan, in the Netherlands - the so-called Ranstadt (a complex of transport hubs connected into a single network - Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden, The Hague), in Sweden - Stockholm, in the USA - New York, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, in Australia - Sydney, in Japan - Tokyo, in China - Shanghai, Singapore. There are also less common examples. Thus, the city of Shannon in Ireland mainly lives off the airport. Some cities serve as passenger transport hubs rather than freight hubs, for example, Simferopol in Crimea, where numerous tourists arrive and transfer there to transport that takes them to the cities of the Crimean coast.

The largest transport hub in Russia is Moscow. The paths of five types of transport intersect here: 11 railway lines, 15 highways, 5 gas pipelines and 3 oil pipelines converge in Moscow; there are three river ports, five airports and nine train stations. Another interesting example is Vladivostok, where the Trans-Siberian Railway ends and many sea routes begin.

Transport system and communications

Transport and communications can be interchangeable and complementary. Although replacing transport with sufficiently developed communications is theoretically possible (instead of a personal visit, one could send a telegram, make a phone call, send a fax, an email), it has been discovered that these methods of communication in reality generate more interactions, including personal ones. Growth in the transport sector would not be possible without communications, which are vital to developed transport systems - from railways, which require two-way traffic on a single track, to flight control, which requires knowledge of the location of an aircraft in the sky. Thus, it was discovered that development in one area leads to growth in another.

Transport (shipping) process- a set of organizationally and technologically interrelated actions and operations performed by motor transport enterprises and their divisions independently or in coordination with other organizations in the preparation, implementation and completion of cargo transportation.

The structure of the transport process includes:

1. Marketing of cargo flows.

2. Development, based on materials from a survey of cargo flows: rational route schemes, providing for the opening of new and changes in the direction of existing routes

3. Selecting the type and determining the required quantity of rolling stock for transportation

4. Determination of the scope of expedient use of cars and road trains depending on specific transportation conditions, type and properties of cargo, operational indicators of freight transport

5. Standardization of vehicle speeds

6. Selection of vehicle traffic management systems using rational work schedules for drivers.

7. Coordination of the work of road transport with other modes of transport.

8. Analysis of road conditions in order to develop efficient and safe routes for rolling stock

9. Ensuring efficient and safe transportation of goods by road.

10 Application of economic and mathematical methods and calculations to improve the efficiency of using rolling stock and reduce transportation costs.

11. Vehicle traffic control.

12. Operational control over the operation of automotive rolling stock and its use.

Particular attention in the transport process is paid to the use of various methods that ensure:

Timely delivery of goods in batches of required sizes.

Preservation of the quality and quantity of transported cargo;

Compliance with safety requirements and traffic safety requirements,

Fuel economy,

Environmental protection;

Compliance with labor legislation requirements

The amount of time the average city dweller spends his or her life commuting, for example, from home to work and back, is appalling. The figure is even more impressive if he is a resident of a metropolis, stuck in so-called traffic jams twice a day. This is one of the most important problems in organizing a comfortable environment in the city. And it can be, if not completely resolved, then significantly reduced in severity if transport hubs and terminals are created correctly. So, what are they for and what exactly are they?

What are transport hubs

There are a variety of ways to travel: buses, trams, trolleybuses, cars, planes, ships, trains, etc. As a rule, you can get from one point to another in several ways. But often, especially if the route is quite complex, you have to change several times to reach your destination. And although, for example, you can change from a bus to a metro or a car in several places within any large city, sometimes it happens that you can leave one point in many ways at once. And then the term “transport hub” will already apply. This place is constantly buzzing with life, hundreds and thousands of passengers are rushing about their business, trains are arriving, planes are departing, in general, at first glance, complete vanity and disorder reign. In reality everything is different. When well organized, transport hubs are well-functioning systems, where each part is a well-oiled mechanism that interacts with all other elements. And in this case, their importance is difficult to overestimate.

What are they needed for

The time spent on travel or delivery from one point to another in the modern rhythm of life should be minimized. People, tired of waiting, have made many inventions that allow them to instantly receive information and establish communication. But, unfortunately, while there is no teleport, we are forced to spend quite a significant amount of time on the road. Moreover, sometimes you also have to travel, for example, to the airport or station. Concentrating several modes of transport in transport hubs partially solves this problem. Firstly, in order to, for example, transfer from a train to a ship or plane, a minimum amount of time is required here - everything is literally within walking distance. Secondly, with the right location, even one hub can relieve congestion on other transport arteries. As a result, everyone wins.

This reveals another aspect of the functioning of any unit - it not only accumulates, but also regulates traffic flows according to the principle of valve operation. If necessary, to avoid congestion and inconvenience, some passengers or cargo can be delayed at some stage. In a word, there are analogues of roads and traffic lights here.

Hubs are not only passenger, but also cargo. Even if we take the postal services industry - in every major city there will be a place that can be characterized as a central transport hub - it is there that correspondence will flock, which later, after sorting, will go to smaller territorial units. And this is where letters and parcels will arrive and then be sent, say, abroad. After this, do questions remain about whether transport hubs are needed?

Organization and structure

Logistics is not a simple, but very promising direction. It is precisely this that helps to organize the work of any more or less large unit correctly and as efficiently as possible. When building the structure of its work, it is important to take into account both the most basic things, for example, methods of transporting cargo from one type of transport to another and the necessary infrastructure, as well as very small nuances such as convenient and intuitive navigation for passengers.

To simulate the operation of the hub, even at the design stage, special software is used that shows what will happen when certain parameters change.

Accommodation

The right location is another important consideration when planning traffic flows. If the wrong choice is made, it can only make the situation worse. Inconvenient access roads will create traffic jams in the surrounding areas, and a lack of parking spaces will become a serious problem for motorists. The airport, built in a low-lying area, will have flights canceled over and over again due to heavy fog. In general, it is very easy to make a mistake. And here the same science comes to the rescue, helping to simulate the situation under certain options. After all, a transport hub is not a place where people appear out of nowhere - they arrive in one way or another, and you need to make sure that it is convenient for them to do so.

Advantages and disadvantages

Properly organized transport hubs, at first glance, are completely free of disadvantages. But, unfortunately, this is not entirely true. Firstly, it is obvious that their operation is not silent, and placing them away from the main flows is pointless, so they are in any case disturbing someone. Secondly, due to the fact that there are a huge number of people here, busy with their thoughts, it is in the hubs that a lot of thefts occur, despite the large number of security measures. Moreover, and this is much worse, transport hubs often become the site of major terrorist attacks. With sufficient density, it can result in a huge number of victims and injured. However, such a danger exists for all places where a large number of people gather at once.

Examples

Almost every major European city is an international transport hub. Amsterdam, London, Berlin: connecting flights at local airports are common. In the East, these are Doha, Shanghai, and Dubai, which receive a huge number of transit passengers. Moscow, with its three passenger-only airports, as well as nine railway stations, can also be included in this list.

At lower levels, nodes are correspondingly smaller in scale. An example is the same Simferopol in Crimea. Well, any metro station in Moscow can be called completely local hubs. But they are also very important - you just have to remember what happens in case of sudden malfunctions.

Efficiency

As has probably already become obvious, the operation of a large transport hub depends on many factors. And one more thing, without which high efficiency is simply unattainable, is technical equipment. Without modern electronic systems and instruments, any calculations of convenient location and flow planning are useless. Transport belts, automatic recognition services and many, many other things that passengers do not even encounter are important and necessary for the smooth operation and correct interaction of the involved modes of transport, especially if there are more than two of them.

And, perhaps, a universal indicator of the efficiency of a hub can be called passenger flow. The number of people it manages to serve per unit of time is an indicator that perfectly characterizes the quality of work of a transport hub at its level.

Further development

The importance of transport hubs is undeniable. Moreover, any hub is primarily an economic and industrial potential. Hotels, shops, restaurants, and vending machines can be located in crowded places. Almost any goods and services will be in demand, for example, if people want to pass the time during a transfer.

If we broaden our perspective somewhat, it is easy to understand that large transport hubs and cities are interconnected and interdependent. On the one hand, hubs provide uninterrupted supply, which creates conditions for industrial development, and on the other, megacities require resolution of logistics problems. So one simply cannot exist without the other.

In addition, new modes of transport are gradually developing, and it is necessary to integrate them into existing flows. For example, helicopter transportation was something of a fantasy for several decades, but today it is available to almost every traveler. And this direction is just one of many.