State protective forest belt. Where is the State Protective Forest Belt Belaya Kalitva - Penza on the map? When is it more profitable to fly? Chip flights

fragment of the strip between Don and Volga

From Samara along the left bank of the river. Volga

From the southern spurs of the Ural ridge to the Caspian Sea, the Ural River on both sides for most of its length is planted with these strips

STALIN'S PLAN FOR NATURE TRANSFORMATION

In 1948, in the USSR, on the initiative of I.V. Stalin, Resolution No. 3960 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was adopted on October 20, 1948, the so-called “Stalinist plan for the transformation of nature,” according to which a grandiose offensive against drought began by, along with other activities, planting forest protection plantations. Within 15 years (1950-1965), it was planned to establish forests on an area exceeding 4 million hectares.

SYSTEM OF STATE FOREST PROTECTION BELTS

The silencing and distortion of certain pages of our history did not begin with the coming to power of the “Pomeranian” team, not with the collapse of the Union, or even with the beginning of Gorbachev’s perestroika. The recoding of the matrix of the Soviet worldview has been in full swing since Khrushchev's times. One of the most striking examples of such actions to discredit the very foundations of the socialist system was the actual disruption and then oblivion of the so-called “Stalinist plan for the transformation of nature” of 1949. It is worth remembering especially now, when it is 60 years since the adoption of the plan itself and the beginning of its implementation. And so that the reader can understand more clearly what significance this plan had for ensuring the vital interests of the country, let us first dwell on the state of the climate, which required urgent measures to improve economic and living conditions in the south of the European part of the Soviet Union.

BLACK STORMS

Until the middle of the last century, the Azov steppes were a sun-scorched plain. Similar territories extended far to the east - beyond the Don, beyond the Volga, into the Ural and Kazakh steppes. The south of Ukraine was periodically covered by so-called “black” storms. They usually appear in early spring during dry weather on lands devoid of vegetation. Powerful winds lift millions of tons of soil into the sky—more precisely, its smallest, dispersed particles—and transport it over vast distances. Over the past half century alone, such storms have raged in our area no less than sixteen times. And at the beginning of the twentieth century and earlier this happened even more often.

For example, in the spring of 1928, in the central and southeastern regions of Ukraine, winds lifted more than 15 million tons of valuable black soil into the air. Clouds of dust rose to a height of up to a kilometer. As a result, the layer of chernozem on the richest arable lands in the country decreased by 10-15 centimeters in just one time.

Note by N.M. Was it not this phenomenon that caused the crop failures of 1929-1931, which caused famine in Ukraine, Kuban, the Volga region and Kazakhstan - throughout the steppe belt?

The only salvation from dust storms and dry winds is the planting of forest shelter belts, which can not only protect fields from wind erosion, but can also improve the climate and increase productivity. The most prominent Russian agronomists V. Dokuchaev, P. Kostychev, V. Williams spoke and wrote about this in their works. They developed the so-called grass farming system. It included as components the planting of protective forest strips on watersheds, along the boundaries of crop rotation fields, along the slopes of ravines and ravines, along the banks of reservoirs, as well as afforestation and consolidation of sand. Well, and, of course, the development of irrigation based on the use of local runoff water through the construction of ponds and reservoirs.

For decades, this remarkable system was not widely used, and people continued to suffer from droughts and their consequences. Under the tsarist government, when the land belonged to private individuals, they simply did not find the means or did not have the desire to apply the full range of measures mentioned. And in the pre-war years, the Soviet government simply did not get around to broadly transforming the steppe nature. After all, all efforts were directed toward industrialization on the eve of the approaching world war. However, the last straw that broke the patience of the government of the Soviet Union was the drought of 1946, which affected Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the Russian Black Earth Region, the Volga region, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan. The consequence of this drought was the famine of 1947, which, according to various estimates, killed from half a million to a million people who had recently survived the most ambitious war in human history.

PLANETARY SCALE PROGRAM

Then the students and followers of Dokuchaev, Kostychev, Williams turned to the government and personally to I.V. Stalin with a proposal to begin a large-scale struggle to improve the climatic conditions of the arid steppe zone. The plan for the transformation of nature, developed by scientists on Stalin’s initiative, was approved in October 1948 by a Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Its full title is: “On the plan for field protective plantings, the introduction of grass crop rotations, the construction of ponds and reservoirs to ensure high and sustainable yields in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the USSR\”. This document outlined a wide range of measures aimed at overcoming erosion, soil blowing, sand dispersal, etc. That is, for the restoration and protection of steppe nature. According to this plan, it was planned to establish forests over an area of over four million hectares within 15 years (that is, by the beginning of the 1960s).

For the first time in history, large state shelterbelts were created, the total length of which exceeded 5,300 kilometers. Forest strips ran along both banks of the Volga, along the watersheds of the Khoper and Medveditsa, Kalitva and Berezovaya rivers, and so on. The width of the forest belts was on average 300 meters, and the length was from 200 to 1000 kilometers.

The direction of the forest belts was chosen in such a way that they would serve as a barrier against the south-eastern winds that were destructive to the crop, which prevailed in the spring and summer in the south of Russia and Ukraine. In the composition of shelterbelts, the main role was given to durable tree species, especially oak. The system of state forest belts was supplemented by afforestation on the fields of collective and state farms, for which special state loans were allocated to farms.

Already in the first years of implementation of this plan, 2,280 hectares of protective trees were planted. As a result, stabilization of steppe biocenoses was achieved. At the same time, grass crop rotations were introduced on the fields of collective and state farms, which ensured the restoration of soil fertility. Tens of thousands of ponds and reservoirs were built. ... As experience has shown, the effect of just planting forest strips on the productivity of the fields protected by them reached unprecedented results.

Thus, the yield of grain crops increased by 25-30%, vegetables by 50-75% and herbs by 2-3 times. And if we add to this the other components of the transformation plan, then it is not difficult to imagine what heights socialist agriculture could reach if the Stalinist plan for the transformation of nature was successfully completed.

Climate change has also become very visible. Forest plantings reduced soil erosion, especially planar soil loss, and also prevented the formation of ravines. Due to the increase in the intensity of local moisture circulation, the amount of precipitation increased.

The first stages of the plan progressed at a rapid pace. In addition to state protective forest belts, the upper reaches of ravines and ravines were lined with trees and shrubs everywhere, and the mouths of ravines were secured with wattles and hedges. Ponds were built in natural hollows and lined with trees. And to maintain the life of small rivers, dams with water mills and power plants were built. In fields protected by forests, up to 80 percent of the moisture was absorbed into the soil. The unity of forest and field and the need for their unified management became obvious.

The plan for the transformation of nature provided not only for absolute food self-sufficiency of the Soviet Union, but also for an increase in the export of domestic grain and meat products from the second half of the 1960s.

TO BREAK - DO NOT BUILD

Thus, the concept of the plan combined the objectives of environmental protection and obtaining high yields. This did not require the massive plowing of virgin and fallow lands, which was started with great noise under Khrushchev, who overthrew the entire Stalinist legacy. It is to him that we owe the fact that the world's largest environmental program was not completed.

The plan for the transformation of nature, calculated before 1965, was actually curtailed already in 1956-1959. Many forest belts were cut down. The modern history of our country is replete with references to dozens of hectares of destroyed vineyards under Gorbachev in the last years of the USSR. But for some reason no one remembers the hundreds of thousands of hectares of forest destroyed in the 1960s. Meanwhile, 570 forest protection stations created in 1949-1955 were liquidated on Khrushchev’s orders.

The grass farming system was also ridiculed. As a result, they achieved that new generations of agronomists and farmers did not even know what its essence was. Grass fields have been replaced by countless recommendations for increasing soil fertility, mainly related to the use of fertilizers and pesticides. As a result, huge amounts of money were spent on the construction of chemical plants, transportation and application of chemicals. And the results turned out to be very bitter - many of our black soils were turned into saline soils in this way. The water bodies are poisoned. Beneficial birds, animals and insects died. The incidence of cancer among people has increased. It's time to think again about the experience of field protection afforestation!

Now it’s even difficult to imagine what our country would look like if Stalin’s plan for transforming nature was successfully completed.
After all, only fragments of state forest protection belts have survived to this day. However, even now, in dry years, the yield in the fields covered by them is 2-3 times higher than in unprotected areas. Experience shows that near forest belts the thickness of chernozem increases from 40 to 70 centimeters. The surviving forest belts still provide shelter for squirrels and hares, mushrooms and wild boars, songbirds, partridges and pheasants. They beautify the landscape and increase its biodiversity.

Consigned to oblivion with the onset of the so-called “Khrushchev Thaw,” the plan for transforming nature in the USSR is now actively being implemented in the United States, China, Western Europe and even in African countries.

They just call it now the creation of “green ecological frameworks.”

But this does not change the essence of the matter - the system itself was first developed and applied in the Soviet Union.
After Khrushchev, the cultivation of artificial forests continued, but the scale was incomparable with the early 1950s of the last century.

A complete catastrophe came with the collapse of the Union, when the shelterbelts turned out to be completely ownerless and began to be intensively cut down, burned, in short, disappear from the face of the earth.

In the future, according to agronomists and nature conservation specialists, we will return to the Wild Field, already forgotten by new generations, which in the mid-nineteenth century many scientists considered unsuitable for human habitation. We can see this trend with our own eyes. With the death of forest plantations and drying out of water bodies, the average annual temperature rises, soil and air humidity drops. This means that climatic conditions for the existence of plants, animals and humans are deteriorating. And these facts cannot be explained by the influence of the notorious global warming alone.

WATER LEGISLATION

1) in the USSR, a set of laws and regulations of the Soviet state regulating social relations related to the use of the country’s water resources. According to Art. 6 of the USSR Constitution of 1936, water, as well as land, its subsoil and forests, are state property, i.e., public property. Soviet water conservation based on the nationalization of water resources. contributes to the implementation of grandiose Stalinist plans for the transformation of nature through artificial irrigation of desert lands, land drainage reclamation, the creation of water conservation and field protection forests, the construction of the largest reservoirs, large and small reservoirs.

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French astronaut Thomas Pesquet, who is on the International Space Station, published a photo of strange broken lines in the steppes in Russia. He stated that he could not explain their purpose.

“Minimalist snow art in Russia. I can’t explain what these many kilometers of parallel lines are for,” Pesce wrote under the photo published on the Flickr website.
The state protective forest belt Belaya Kalitva is a protective forest belt with a length of more than 700 kilometers.

The state protective forest belt Belaya Kalitva - Penza takes its beginning from the left bank of the Seversky Donets River, near the Borodinov farm, and ends 16 kilometers south of Penza, near the small village of Novaya Kamenka. Currently, the length of the planting is 708.5 kilometers, it consists of 3 parallel forest belts ~60 meters wide at a distance of ~350 m from each other. The total width of the protective forest belt is about 700 meters.

The idea of protecting the steppes of the European part of Russia from droughts and hot winds dates back to 1767. The author of the idea is considered to be Russian agronomist Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov.

In 1948, in the USSR, on the initiative of I.V. Stalin, Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of October 20, 1948 No. 3960, the so-called “Stalin’s plan for the transformation of nature”, was adopted, according to which a grandiose attack on drought began by, along with other activities, planting forest protection plantations. Within 15 years (1950-1965), it was planned to establish forests on an area exceeding 4 million hectares. As part of this plan, it was created and State protective forest belt Belaya Kalitva (Kamensk-Shakhtinsky) - Penza.

1. In order to overcome the destructive influence of dry winds on agricultural yields, protect fertile soils of the Volga region, Northern Caucasus, central black earth regions from blowing away and improve the water regime and climatic conditions of these areas, it is necessary to recognize the creation of the following large state forest strips during 1950-1965 :
…
State protective forest strip in the direction of Penza - Ekaterinovka - Veshenskaya - Kamensk on the Northern Donets, on the watersheds of the Khopra and Medveditsa, Kalitva and Berezovaya rivers, consisting of three strips, each 60 meters wide, with a distance between the strips of 300 meters and a length of 600 kilometers;
….
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of October 20, 1948 No. 3960