Hiking technique. Walking tourism. As well as other works that may interest you

TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS IN TOURISM

These two sections of tourist training are interconnected, since from the point of view of ensuring safety, the solution of technical and tactical problems is most important. It is important for students studying tourism to get acquainted, at least in the most general terms, with the basic elements of technology for mass types of sports tourism.

Fundamentals of hiking and mountain tourism techniques

These two types of tourism have more similarities than differences. They have one method of transportation - on foot, general technical techniques for overcoming rough terrain and water obstacles; The differences, first of all, are that hiking trips are carried out in all areas, and mountain trips - only in the high mountains. However, this main difference remains mainly only at the level of hikes of I-III categories of difficulty, since for hiking routes of higher categories of difficulty, high-mountain regions are also used - the Western and Eastern Caucasus, Altai, Pamir-Alai, Western Tien Shan, the high-mountain Buordakh massif in Chersky Ridge, although qualitative differences (for example, the technical complexity of the passes) remain.

From the point of view of the technical preparedness of tourists and ensuring their safety, it is necessary to pay attention to several important points.

The classification on routes of category I of difficulty in hiking, skiing, water, and cycling tourism does not define natural obstacles that require special technical training - as a rule, they do not exist in flat areas and on flat rivers. Meanwhile, mountain trekking routes of category I difficulty include at least 2 passes of category IA difficulty, which require certain skills in movement techniques and belaying.

To what has been said, however, it is necessary to add that hiking trips not only II-III, but in many cases also I category of difficulty are made not in the plains, but in low-mountain and mid-mountain regions, often having alpine relief forms (Mountain Crimea, Carpathians, Kola Peninsula , Southern and Subpolar Urals, Kodar, Sayan Mountains). In these cases, as in mountain hikes, participants must master the technique of moving along mountain slopes and crossing mountain rivers, belaying and self-insurance techniques.

In table Table 4 shows the main types of natural obstacles characteristic of hiking and mountain hiking routes.

Table 4. Main types of natural obstacles on hiking and mountain hiking routes, characteristics of technical methods for overcoming them

Natural Obstacles	Basic characteristics of obstacles	Ways to overcome and techniques used
Natural Obstacles	Basic characteristics of obstacles	Movement methods and options	Movement technique	Safety techniques, insurance methods
Difficult forest	Forest thicket with very rough terrain (hills, gullies, ravines)	Overcoming forest debris, windbreaks, accumulations of boulders	Rational movement technique when overcoming steep slopes and fallen trees	Organization of group movement with a safe interval, self-belaying via an alpenstock
	Easy and moderately passable swamps	Fording a swamp with a pole along a road	Wading with a pole, moving along a road	Providing self-insurance and mutual insurance; organization of group (railing) insurance
Slopes and mountain passes	Grassy slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent	Rational techniques of movement (leg placement) during ascent, traverse, descent	Self-belaying using an alpenstock or ice ax, using crampons on wet grassy, snowy and icy slopes
Slopes and mountain passes	Rock-talus slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent along scree slopes; climbing rocky slopes and light rocks, traverse rocky slopes, descending rocky slopes	Rational technique of movement on large, medium and small screes; technique of moving on light rocks, elements of rock climbing, sport rappelling technique	Self-belaying through an ice ax or alpenstock when moving along scree slopes or scree couloirs; organization of group belay when passing light rocks (working with rope and tying knots)
Slopes and mountain passes	Snowy slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent on gentle slopes and moderately steep slopes - snowy and firn	Techniques for lifting and trampling steps on snowy slopes, techniques for moving with crampons on a firn slope, planing on gentle and safe snowy slopes, sports rappelling	Self-belaying through an ice ax or alpenstock; mutual, simultaneous and alternating insurance in bundles; group insurance
Slopes and mountain passes	Ice slopes, ice relief elements	Ascent, traverse and descent on gentle ice slopes, movement along the glacier	Techniques for moving on crampons (ascent, traverse, descent), cutting steps, rappelling in a sports way	Self-insurance; alternating belay when moving on an open and closed glacier, group belay on the descent
Water obstacles (streams, rivers)	Simple water obstacles (streams and small lowland rivers)	Crossing ford or over rocks	Technique for individual crossing by ford or over rocks	Ford reconnaissance, self-belaying when crossing using an alpenstock (pole)
	Fast, but not deep and not very wide mountain streams and rivers	Fording with group insurance	Techniques for wading through fast water with insurance	Full insurance for the first and last participant, railing insurance for the remaining participants
	Fast, narrow, but quite deep rivers (in the forest area)	Crossing with luggage	Techniques for guiding luggage crossings and techniques for moving through luggage
	The same, but in a treeless area or flowing in a canyon	Canopy crossing	Techniques for establishing a suspended crossing and techniques for moving on a suspended crossing	Organization of the crossing with full insurance for all participants

As can be seen from the table, the simplest obstacles typical for hiking in flat areas should include: moderately rough terrain (hills, ravines, gullies, hollows), dense forest, swamps, streams and rivers. In low-mountain and mid-mountain regions, these obstacles are added to: mountain pass areas with slopes of small and medium steepness - grassy, scree, snow. Water obstacles are also difficult in these areas - as a rule, not wide, but fast streams and rivers; Accordingly, the technical methods for organizing crossings will be somewhat more complex. In high mountain areas, even for routes of the first category of difficulty, the following obstacles are added to the indicated obstacles: small sections of movement on glaciers and firn slopes, steep paths, moraines, small, medium and large screes of stones.

Mastering the technical techniques of movement, belaying and self-insurance, and transporting a victim is achieved by performing special exercises (both in the preparatory period and directly on the hike route, especially when it comes to training hikes). Such exercises include:
movement along steep paths with the development of rational walking techniques (correct positioning of the legs, support on the alpenstock);
practicing techniques for overcoming low obstacles - stones, fallen trees;
overcoming a difficult forest (thicket, dense forest with undergrowth, ravines and gullies, rubble, windfalls);
movement on grassy, snowy and scree slopes (ascent, traverse, descent), organizing self-insurance using an alpenstock or ice ax;
movement through swamps - techniques for moving with a pole, along roads with provision of mutual insurance;
crossings over water obstacles (streams, rivers) - organizing fording with alpenstocks, organizing insurance, guiding the crossing (luggage, railings);
transporting the victim - performing exercises to transport the victim on an improvised stretcher made of two poles and a tent (or two rain jackets, jackets) with safety belts;
knitting various types of knots ("guide", "grasping" "stirrup", "straight", etc.).

In Fig. 8-10 provide illustrations of more complex techniques mentioned in table. 4, including movement on snow and ice slopes with self-insurance and self-arrest, cutting steps, rappelling, various types of knots, methods of securing a rope when organizing belay (including on rocks), the use of clamps, methods of crossing a river , elements of rescue technology in mountain conditions.

In table 5 shows the first part of the “Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes” (“Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes” - see “Methodological recommendations for organizing a mountain trip.” - M.: TsRIB “Tourist”, 1979). Category high-mountain passes 1A, 1B and 2A are decisive for assessing the complexity of mountain hikes of categories I, II and III, respectively. In hiking trips made in high mountain areas, these same passes (in combination with other natural obstacles and a corresponding increase in the length of the routes) determine the technical complexity of routes of categories I-IV.

In the technical training of tourists (pedestrians and miners) there are no primary and secondary elements - they are all equally important, since it is the technique of movement and insurance that is the main thing in ensuring the safety of participants in hiking trips. Even on steep grassy slopes, especially after rain, located above cliffs, the movement of tourists becomes far from safe, and overcoming the slopes, of course, requires the organization of insurance.

Table 5. Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes

The nature of the most difficult sections of the route	Techniques and tactics of movement and overnight conditions	Total time to overcome the pass. Number of running hours (T1); time of movement with mutual insurance (T2); number of belay points (n)	Special equipment required
Simple scree, snow and rocky slopes with a steepness of up to 30°, gentle (up to 15°) glaciers without cracks *, steep grassy slopes on which rock outcrops are possible; as a rule, there are paths	The simplest individual technique; self-belaying with an alpenstock or ice ax. When crossing rivers, belaying with a rope may be required on the approaches. Spending the night usually on the grass in tents, huts or shelters	Few hours T1=4-8 T2=0 n=0	Shoes with non-slip soles; ice axes or alpenstocks; 1-2 ropes per group
Simple rocks, snowy slopes of medium steepness (from 20 to 40°), and in some years, areas of ice on slopes usually covered with snow, closed glaciers with areas of cracks hidden by snow. Screes of various steepness and size	The simplest group technique: movement in teams along slopes and closed glaciers; sometimes hanging handrails on short (up to 40 m) sections of slopes and at crossings. Overnight in tents on convenient sites on the borders of the glacial zone	As a rule, no more than one day T1=4-10 T2=1-4 n=up to 5	Vibram or tricon boots; chest harnesses or Abalakov belts, alpenstocks and ice axes (1-2 per group); main ropes, one for 3-4 people
Rocky, snowy, ice slopes of medium steepness (from 20 to 40°) Closed glaciers and simple icefalls	More complex individual and group techniques: alternate belaying on short sections, sometimes using crampons or cutting steps; a hook belay may be required. Possible overnight stays in the glacial zone	No more than a day T1=6-10 T2=3-6 n=5-10	Vibram boots complete with crampons

* This refers to cracks into which a person can fall.

Moving along grassy slopes. There are practically no flat surfaces on grassy slopes. There are protruding stones and hummocks almost everywhere. If you walk carefully, all these unevenness can be used as steps and you can walk along them even without special shoes, and in “vibrams” or tricon boots you can move along very steep slopes. If the grass is wet, it is advisable to walk on steep dangerous slopes only in “vibrams” or knock-down boots, or wear crampons.

Rice. 8. Elements of equipment for a mountain hiking tourist (from left to right, top to bottom): movement along a gentle snow slope; zigzag and three-beat lifts; descent on crampons with your back to the slope; self-detention; cutting down steps; traversing a snow slope; knots straight, stirrup, grasping

In the event of a fall, self-restraint on a grassy slope is carried out with an ice ax or alpenstock. In dangerous places it is necessary to organize belaying with a rope. Belay is organized through large stones, ledges, shoulder or lower back.

When climbing grassy slopes “head-on”, depending on the steepness of the slope, the feet can be placed parallel, “half-herringbone”, “herringbone”, and depending on the position of the sole of the shoe relative to the plane of the slope - on the entire foot, on the outer or inner welt of the boot.

On gentle slopes with a backpack, you should walk on your entire foot. With a slight increase in steepness, you need to continue moving, leaning on the entire foot, but changing the position of the feet relative to the line of ascent: “half-herringbone” or “herringbone” on steeper slopes. As the steepness increases, an ice ax or alpenstock is used as a second point of support.

When lifting obliquely and zigzag, it is advisable to place your feet in a “half-herringbone” pattern, over the entire foot, and place more load on the outer or inner welt of the shoe (the upper leg on the outer one, the lower leg on the inner one). It is better to place the upper leg horizontally, and slightly turn the lower leg down the slope “into the valley”. This will increase stability and slightly reduce the stress on the ankle joints. On steeper slopes, a combination of these two methods can be used: one foot is placed on the slope with the welt of the shoe, and the other with the entire foot, slightly turned out.

When lifting in a zigzag pattern, it is important to maintain balance as you turn. In this case, transfer the body weight to the leg external to the slope, and turn the inner leg to the side, to a position corresponding to the new direction. Now the tourist is facing the slope and is ready to continue moving in a new direction; all that remains is to change the position of the ice ax relative to the slope.

When descending straight down, your feet should be placed parallel or, with your toes slightly turned to the sides, across the entire foot. If the slope is not very steep, they go down with their backs to it, with their knees slightly bent, in quick short steps. The step should be springy. It is recommended to descend a steep slope sideways, holding the ice ax with both hands in the ready position for self-belaying.

On a wet grassy slope, the rims of your boots become clogged with mud and you can easily slip, so special attention is required. Dirt is removed by striking the handle of an ice ax or alpenstock on the welt of the boot.

On old scree and rocky slopes overgrown with thick, tall grass or small bushes, you need to walk slowly: haste often leads to slipping and loss of balance. In addition, under the vegetation it is difficult to distinguish the microrelief of the slope.

Moving along screes. When going out onto screes lying on steep slopes, you need to remember that they are almost always dangerous due to rockfalls. In areas of significant steepness, the scree lies unstable. Walking on them is not only tiring, but also dangerous.

Rice. 9. Elements of equipment and insurance for a mountain hiking tourist (from left to right, top to bottom): descent with a carabiner; securing a firn anchor in the slope; sports downhill; clamp for ascending and descending a rope (“zhumar”); strapping knots - bowline (right) and conductor (left); a braided knot for tying the ends of ropes of different sizes (in the middle); ways to secure a rope on descents

When choosing a path, it is necessary to take into account that the passability of screes in different directions varies significantly depending on the steepness of the slope, the size and roughness of the stones. Small screes, especially those formed from slab sedimentary rocks, crawl easily underfoot, so although they are convenient for descent, they are tiring for ascent and traverse.

You need to walk on the scree calmly, gradually compacting the slope with pressure until it stops sliding. Only after this can the weight of the body be transferred to it. With the second foot they begin to trample down the scree at a sufficient distance from the first, taking into account the sliding of the scree so that when it stops, the second foot is not at the level of the first. For better support, you need to place your leg on the entire foot, keep your torso vertical, as far as the backpack allows. An ice ax can be used as a second support point if necessary. In the event of a fall, self-restraint is carried out in the same way as when moving along grassy slopes.

When climbing shallow scree, the group usually walks in a column. Although moving along serpentine roads at different levels is acceptable, it is nevertheless better to avoid it. Taking into account the above, when turning, you have to wait until the whole group arrives at the turning point. They move along fixed (“dead”) or frozen scree in the same way as along grassy slopes. The order of movement along the “live” scree on the descent is arbitrary, but it is better to walk in a line with a relatively small distance between participants.

When descending, steps should be short. Often a fairly large area of small scree can be passed by sliding down along with the scree “cushions” underfoot. You just need to make sure that your feet don’t get stuck too deeply in the scree, and step over the formed scree ridge in time or move away from it.

When driving on small screes, you must constantly remember that they are especially dangerous due to rock falls from the rocky areas located above.

On medium scree you can move in almost any direction, as well as on small scree, but it is preferable to move obliquely or in a zigzag.

When a group moves in a zigzag pattern, special attention should be paid to safe cornering. Having reached the turning point, the guide must wait until the rest of the participants join him, and only then begin moving in a new direction. When moving along live scree in a large group, it is better to break up into several mobile groups walking with a significant gap from each other. This will reduce the time it takes to make turns and eliminate the possibility of tourists being injured by stones falling from under the feet of those walking above. It must be remembered that screes and moraines lying on a hard, smooth base (on steep slabs, sheep's foreheads) are especially dangerous. To an inexperienced person they seem simple, but often they slide down like an avalanche of stones. When climbing, you need to plan in advance a place for shelter in case of a rockfall.

Sudden movements should be avoided; feet should be placed gently and carefully. It is not recommended to lean an ice ax on the slope: such support is unreliable, and you can accidentally throw off a stone with an ice ax.

Large scree, as a rule, is denser than medium and small ones. You must move along it carefully, stepping from one stone to another, avoiding significant jumps.

You should be wary of stones with inclined edges and inclined slabs: if the slope is too steep, your foot may slip off them. Both when descending and when ascending, your feet should be placed on the edge of the stones facing the mountain.

Movement on snow and firn. Snowy and firn slopes make it possible to organize insurance almost everywhere, although it is less reliable than on ice and rocks. When moving on snow, the principle of “two points of support” is applied (leg - leg, leg - ice ax), which is valid even on steep slopes.

When going up and down snowy routes, where the leg muscles are under great strain, mainly due to the hard work of trampling down the steps, the physical preparation of the participants is of particular importance.

To ensure safe movement on snow, the following recommendations are offered:

on a soft snow slope, you should gradually press the foot support, avoiding a strong kick in the snow. This helps to preserve steps that could collapse from a sharp blow, saves energy and reduces the danger of an avalanche;

if the crust is fragile and cannot withstand the weight of a person, there is no need to try to stay on its surface. It is better to break the crust with a sharp blow of the foot, and then press the sole to compact the step under it;

sometimes you can stay on a steep crusty slope by resting your sole on the edge of a step cut into the crust, and your shin on the crust, thus distributing your body weight over a large surface area of the snow;

when moving on snow, the body position should be vertical, especially if the steps are unreliable;

the length of the leader’s step should not exceed the length of the step of the shortest member of the group;

all participants must follow each other, without knocking down the steps, taking care of their safety;

Since the one who goes first does the hard work, he must be replaced periodically. This is also dictated by considerations of general safety, because a tired person is more likely to make mistakes in choosing a path, organizing insurance, and timely detection of danger;

the more difficult path should be preferred if it is less dangerous. Thus, climbing straight up is preferable not only because of the shortest path, but also because of greater safety, since this does not cut off the snow, as when moving in a zigzag or traverse the slope.

On a snowy slope with a steepness of up to 30-35°, it is best to climb straight up. If there is sufficient depth of loose, soft snow, the feet are placed parallel. Each footprint is compacted until a snow “pillow” is formed, on which the foot then steps. Those following the guide, if necessary, additionally process such traces by kicking snow into the depression prepared by him and tamping it.

As the steepness of the slope and the hardness of the snow increase, they switch to zigzag movement, changing the direction of movement from time to time. You need to walk at an angle of about 45° to the line of water flow (the most economical way); to climb, use microrelief details on dense snow or firn (for example, a small ridge between snow furrows, knocking out steps in it on both sides with a boot welt).

The steps are knocked out by the welt of the boot with oblique sliding blows, at this moment leaning on the slope with the point of the ice ax. Such work requires skill and training, since swinging and sharp kicks can cause you to lose your balance. First of all, you need to rest the pin of the ice ax against the slope at waist level, then use the outer welt of the boot, which is closer to the slope, to knock out a horizontal step. The small leg span, mainly due to the lower leg, is compensated by a relatively stable body position. Then, standing with this foot on the finished step, transfer your body weight to it. The next step is knocked out with the inner welt of a straight, relaxed leg standing lower on the slope. A large leg span makes it easier to knock out a step, but the body position is less stable, and it is more difficult to ensure the horizontality of the step.

On moderately steep slopes, the ice ax is moved to a new fulcrum with each step. On steep slopes as the snow depth increases, an ice ax should be used to create more reliable support. On very hard crust or firn, labor-intensive kicking out of steps is replaced by cutting or scraping with an ice ax with a shovel. It is even more economical and safe to move on hard snow surfaces with crampons.

Features of movement on ice. On tourist routes of III-IV categories of difficulty, a significant place is occupied by ice areas of the most varied terrain: slopes of varying steepness, plumbs, cracks, ridges. The difficulty of moving on ice is determined by the steepness of the slope, the type and properties of the ice, and the condition of its surface.

You should walk on ice in Vibra boots and crampons, and on steeper slopes, if necessary, use artificial support points (cutting steps and hand grips, driving in or screwing in ice hooks). It is also possible to move using a rope fixed to the slope as a handrail.

To move along ice slopes without cutting down steps, crampons are used. On relatively flat ice, it is possible to move in “vibrams” or sharpened boots with some steps cut off. The technique of movement and belay is the same as when moving on snow and firn, only the foot in shackled shoes is always placed on the entire foot.

The basis of ice technique is walking on crampons, cutting down steps, and working with ice pitons.

Crossings of mountain rivers. Mountain rivers are a serious obstacle on the way of a tourist. Here you can encounter strong currents, low water temperatures, and large stones rolling along the bottom that can knock you down or injure you. All this makes the crossing a dangerous event and requires the participants of the trip to carefully prepare for it and master all the necessary techniques.

Rice. 10. Elements of the technique of crossing and climbing out of cracks (from left to right, top to bottom): fording in a line; the most rational crossing route; layout of those crossing; organization of insurance when crossing the first; correct fastening of the safety rope; lifting from a crack with a “single block” (left) and using stirrups (right)

The location of the crossing is determined by the width and depth of the river, the speed and regime of its flow, which depend on the time of day, the nature of the bottom and the steepness of the banks, the time of year, meteorological conditions, the availability of places for organizing insurance, monitoring and managing the crossing.

The method of crossing the river (ford, over water or over rocks) is chosen in accordance with the nature of the river section, technical equipment and preparedness of the group.

A place for a ford should be sought where the river divides into branches or spills over a wide floodplain. For crossing over water using technical means, a narrowed part of the river with trees on the bank or rocky ledges is favorable. A section of the river with a calm current and a bank convenient for mooring is considered suitable for water crossings using rafting devices.

The safest crossing point is a section of the river where the strength of the flow is minimal, that is, where the channel is widest and the depth of the flow is smallest. This is usually where a river divides into several branches. The presence of separate islands makes it possible to organize not only rest for the participants, but also effective reconnaissance of the further route across the river.

Any fording must begin with reconnaissance, which consists of: inspection of the area in order to determine the type of possible crossing; determining a section of the river and bank that meets the requirements for organizing the selected type of crossing; determining the specific method of movement of the first participants in wading (with a pole, a wall, a circle) or the nature of the preparatory work (throwing a rope, laying intermediate stones, laying and securing logs, preparing a support for tensioning the railing when crossing over water); choosing the type of insurance corresponding to the chosen type of crossing.

After the preparatory work, the crossing begins. In simple cases, when a person is carried away by the current of water and only threatens to swim, wading can be carried out without insurance. The most convenient methods in this case will be: a single river crossing with support on a pole, which is used to rest against the bottom against the current; in a line facing the current, hugging the shoulders or waist, with the most physically strong participant standing at the top of the current; in twos - facing each other, putting their hands on the shoulders of a comrade and moving at a side step sideways to the current; around - holding shoulders.

When the ford poses a certain danger, they cross with the help of two ropes, observing all safety precautions. The first to cross the river is the most experienced and strong participant, belayed with the main rope attached with a carabiner to the chest harness on the back. At an angle of about 90° to the main rope, an auxiliary rope goes downstream to the shore, which can, if necessary, quickly pull the besieged to the shore. It is better to organize belaying through a ledge, a tree, or simply hold the rope with your hands (2-3 people).

In case the water knocks the crosser off his feet, the main safety rope must be free. Otherwise, she, rigidly holding the one who has fallen off, will not allow him to either get up or swim. It is necessary to belay in such a way that the rope can be loosened at any time (which will allow the person crossing to swim downstream), while simultaneously pulling him to the shore or releasing the rope if the current carries him to the opposite bank.

Having crossed to the other bank, the tourist secures the main rope there to a tree or ledge. Railings are organized for crossing the remaining participants. The height of the railing should not be lower than the chest level of the person standing in the river. It is also advisable to move along the railing against the current.

Having crossed to the other side, unfasten the safety rope and, having connected it with a carbine in a safe place, remove the lanyard. The latter unties the railing rope, attaches himself to it and to the auxiliary rope, as when crossing the first, and, leaning on a pole, crosses.

They cross the railings only one at a time. You cannot use a gripping unit instead of a carabiner. It is mandatory to cross in boots and clothing. After crossing, you need to pour the water out of your boots, wipe them from the inside with a dry cloth, and wring out your socks and clothes.

Credentials Commission

Acceptance of documents from teams and participants:

ü Identity card (passport or birth certificate - original),

ü Medical certificate,

ü Team application for participation in competitions (Appendix 1).

2. Technical information of the competition - “cross-hike”.

Ø Team composition: 6 people.

Ø Start of teams according to schedule (formed by drawing lots the night before at a meeting of team representatives).

Ø the main objective "Cross-hike" competition - demonstration of skills movement over rough terrain on simple sport hikes, checking availability main elements group And personal equipment.

Ø The team’s task is to follow the route specified by the judges, making control marks (indicated on the map of the area) confirming the correctness of the route and passing the stages indicated on the team card.

Ø Passage of the route - teams of groups "B", "C" with a team representative. At the discretion of the team representative, it is allowed to complete the cross-hike route of Group B without a team representative.

Ø Control time completing the distance - 2 hours.

Ø Cross-hike competition participants move along the markings, sports map, and azimuth.

Ø On the route the team does control marks .

Ø Stages of the Cross-Hike competition:

1. Knotting. Competitions are held in accordance with the “regulations for holding sports competitions in sports tourism”, sports discipline: “Pedestrian distance” from 2014 (code number 0840091811ya).

Each team member ties one knot from the following groups of knots:

· for tying ropes– counter, counter eight, grapevine, fronttail;

· for mounting on a support– carbine noose, bayonet, stirrup, bowline, double bowline, grapevine noose;

· loopback– figure-eight conductor, double conductor, Austrian conductor;

· grasping– symmetrical (Prusik), Bachmann, Austrian (winding)

ü Each team member knits only 4 knots. Approximate control time is 30 seconds.

ü Knots should not have twisted strands. The drawings must correspond to the drawings on the website (file "Knots") and on the stand by knots.

ü All knots, except the counter, counter eight, grapevine, figure eight, double conductor, Austrian conductor, double bowline, grapevine choke, must have control knots.

ü All knots tied, incl. control ones must have a free end exit of at least 50 mm.

2. Log with the installation of safety railings (the rope for organizing the railing is the referee’s).

3. Get out. The team's crossing of logs through a swampy area. A participant does not earn points for the team if he uses his foot, pole or hand to support a dangerous (swampy) area.

4. Azimuth. Each team member performs 3 tasks using a judge's compass: 1. determines the azimuth to the object; 2. determines the direction to an object at a given azimuth; 3. takes the azimuth on the map and indicates the direction of movement. If the answer is inaccurate, the team will not be awarded points.

5. Topography. Each team member indicates the name of 2 topographic map signs out of 40 proposed (see topographic signs on the website and at the competition stand).

6. Orientation - composter marking at all checkpoints. (On one's own).

7. Burning out the thread .

8. Terrain. Each team member indicates the name of 2 landforms from the proposed options.

Ø Group equipment at the "Cross-hike" distance: compass, first aid kit, mobile phone (2 pieces per team), watch, optional - snack.

Ø Before the team goes to the start, a pre-launch check , where the availability of group equipment, personal clothing and shoes, knowledge of the boundaries of the competition area and actions in an emergency are checked.

Ø The team participating in the cross-hike competition must score maximum points for completing the distance (see table) and meet the control time. The team with the most points wins.

Ø Team independently, taking into account physical strength, moral and psychological state, availability of necessary group equipment, weather conditions decides to participate in competitions "cross-hike" and going through its individual stages.

Ø Points for stages are presented in the “Team Cards” table:

Stages of the “Cross-hike” distance and points awarded for completing the stage:

TEAM CARD (option)

Stage number	Stage name	Conditions for passing the stage	Points for completing a stage	Group
	Complete route.	For exceeding the control time - minus 2 points for each minute of delay to the finish line.	100	A, B, C
	Log with railing organization	The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th participant walks along the log, holding the railing with their hands (the rope for organizing the railing is the judge’s).	6 participants 4 points = 24	A, B, C
	Knotting	Each team member ties one knot from the following groups of knots: · for tying ropes– counter, counter eight, grapevine, fronttail; · for mounting on a support– carbine noose, bayonet, stirrup, bowline, double bowline, grapevine noose; · loopback– figure-eight conductor, double conductor, Austrian conductor; · grasping– symmetrical (Prusik), Bachmann, Austrian (winding) ü Each team member knits only 4 knots. Approximate control time is 30 seconds. ü Knots should not have twisted strands (the drawings must correspond to the drawings on the website (file “knots”) and on the stand for knots). ü All knots, except the counter, counter eight, grapevine, figure eight conductor, double conductor, Austrian conductor, double bowline, grapevine choke, must have control knots. ü All knots tied, incl. control ones must have a free end exit of at least 50 mm.	4 knots * 1 point * 6 people. = 24	A, B, C
	Go away	The team's crossing of logs through a swampy area. A participant does not earn points for the team if he uses his foot, pole or hand to support a dangerous (swampy) area.	6 participants 4 points = 24	A, B, C
	Azimuth	Each team member performs 3 tasks using a judge's compass: 1. determines the azimuth to the object; 2. determines the direction to an object at a given azimuth; 3. takes the azimuth on the map and indicates the direction of movement. If the answer to at least one task is incorrect, the participant does not earn the team 4 points	6 participants * 4 points = 24	A, B, C
	Topography	Each team member indicates the name of 2 topographic map signs out of 40 proposed.	6 people2 characters 2 points = 24	A, B, C
	Orientation	Composter marking at all checkpoints. (On one's own).	4 CPs of 6 points = 24	A, B, C
	Burning out the thread	The command burns the thread within the control time (CT)	24	A, B, C
	Terrain	Each team member indicates the name of 2 of the proposed relief options.	6 participants * 2 answers * 2 points = 24	A, B, C
		Maximum points:	292

3. “Knot for memory” (personal and team competitions).

Ø Team composition – 6 people.

Ø All teams of the age group start at the same time (in the case of a large number of teams in the age group, it is possible to divide the teams into subgroups), lining up as teams.

Ø Competitions are held in stages.

1st stage:

· simple control - 5 sec.

· control eight - 5 sec.

· figure-eight conductor - 10 sec.

· symmetrical grasping - 5 sec.

· direct (two controls) - 15 sec.

· bowline – 15 sec.

· oncoming - 10 sec.

· double conductor - 10 sec.

· grapevine - 10 sec.

· Austrian (middle, “bee”) conductor - 10 sec.

2nd stage : All team members tie a knot named by the judge (the time for tying the knot is determined by the judge).

At subsequent stages, the conditions for tying knots are tightened until the winner is determined.

Note:

1. Each participant who passes the stage brings the team a point.

2. The team result is formed from the sum of the participants’ results.

3. In case of any mistake (overlapping, incorrectly tied knot) or tying knots after the “stop” command, the participant is eliminated from subsequent participation in the competition.

4. Additional knots that are not included in the list of the 1st stage: double bowline, stirrup, grapevine-noose, counter, headsheet, counter eight, double guide-eight, Bachmann grasper, Austrian grasper, bayonet.

5. Knots should not have twisted strands (the pictures must correspond to the pictures of the knots on the website (file “knots-forum” and on the stand for knots).

6. All knots, except the counter, counter eight, grapevine, figure eight, double conductor, Austrian conductor, double bowline, grapevine choke, must have control knots.

7. All knots tied, incl. control ones must have a free end exit of at least 50 mm.

4. Local history and environmental competition. To participate in the local history and environmental competition, you will need knowledge of the nature of Karelia, history, ethnography, geography and the main attractions of Karelia. No special preparation is required to participate in competitions.

5. Evening program. 09/23 – presentation of your team, 09/24 – “Our journey” (in any form: presentation, speech, video, etc.)

6. Personal and team orienteering competitions at a distance of your choice .

Ø Team composition – 6 people.

Ø Competitions are held by age groups. The younger age group covers a shorter distance.

Ø Marking at all control points (CP) with an electronic “chip”.

Ø Additional information on the length of the distance and the number of control points will be provided the day before at a meeting of team representatives.

Ø Based on the results of 6 team members (time to complete the distance and taken control points), the overall team result is summed up. First, places are distributed among teams that have completed the entire distance, then - as the points taken decrease.

Ø It is mandatory to have compasses per team - at least 6 pieces. (1 compass for each participant).

Hiking technique (team competition)

Ø Team composition – 6 people.

Ø Teams start according to the schedule approved the night before (by drawing lots) at a meeting of team representatives.

Ø All participants complete the distance wearing safety systems.

Ø 5 minutes are allocated for the preparation of the team before the start (including putting on and adjusting the safety systems), after which the team is given the start on " Technical distance of your choice."

Possible steps:

· The course diagram is posted 1 hour before the start of the competition.

· The distance of choice is covered without losing self-belay.

· The participant’s task is to receive marks on the participant’s card (Appendix – 3) at control points (CP) located at various technical stages and between stages, without losing self-insurance. There can be up to 10-12 checkpoints.

· Individual stages can be connected by a traverse.

· There may be several options for passing. Start at the judge's command from any support (marked with signal tape).

· Distance diagram (option → Appendix – 4).

· At the same time, the entire team (6 people), who managed to put on safety systems at the preliminary stage, completes the distance.

· A participant who commits a penalty (loss of self-belay) while completing a stage will have one CP deducted.

· The participant’s result is assessed only by the puncher marks on the participant’s card (if the participant was near the checkpoint, but did not make a puncher mark on the card, it is considered that the participant was not at this checkpoint.

· Carabiners are not coupled at a distance.

· Control time for working at a distance is 5 minutes.

· For a team that does not hand over at least one piece of equipment given at the start (belay system, carabiners) after completing the distance, the result of completing the technical distance will not be counted.

Tourist relay race.

Ø Team composition – 6 people.

Ø Competitions are held by age groups.

Ø Three teams start simultaneously along three lines of the distance with stages:

ü 1st stage(2 participants) - conducting a participant on a short "mustache"(two participants of the first stage, fastened with a mustache by a safety system, go through the skinner stage, demonstrating the ability to control the passage of personal equipment through narrow and inconvenient sections of the route);

ü 2nd stage(2 participants) - canopy crossing(two participants of the second stage start in tandem and go through the stage accompanied by the participant);

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Introduction

Hiking is hiking trips done on foot. Hiking trips are carried out almost throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation, in all climatic zones and geographical regions - from the Arctic tundra to deserts and mountains. Pedestrian tourism is the most popular type of tourism. Its attractiveness and main distinguishing feature is that it is accessible and useful to any practically healthy person. regardless of age and physical development, it provides greater freedom in choosing a route in accordance with the aesthetic, cognitive and cultural needs of the travel participants. Hiking is characterized by ease of preparation and conduct of hikes, and the relative ease of organizing proper rest at a bivouac. Hiking trips can vary in complexity - from excursions and weekend hikes to complex category hikes.

Relevanceresearch. Hiking is very important for health. Modern society strives for a healthy lifestyle. In particular, this is expressed in the fact that citizens want to actively spend their leisure time, combining free time with knowledge and health improvement. Since tourism provides an opportunity to organize the leisure of a modern person, helps to combine recreation with health improvement and knowledge, society should be aware of this type of sports tourism, such as hiking. Hiking technique and tactics are important in conducting a hike. Bardin K.V. considered the topic of hiking tourism, in an accessible form he outlined the minimum knowledge that is necessary for anyone who is interested in hiking, and considered, in particular, the issues of organizing a group and choosing a route. I.V.Zorin, E.N. Ilyina, V.A. Kvartalnov, A.V. Koshevarov, E.A. Chudakova, studied theoretical and practical issues of pedestrian tourism. S.V. Rylsky touched upon the problem of training pedestrian tourists to overcome natural and artificial obstacles. V. G. Varlamov studied the basics of safety in hiking tourism.

Targetresearch- study the theoretical foundations of pedestrian tourism, analyze the technique and tactics of pedestrian tourism.

An objectresearch- hiking.

Itemresearch- technique and tactics of pedestrian tourism.

Methodsresearch: study and analysis of literature.

Tasksresearch:

1. Expand the concept of “pedestrian tourism”.

3. Study the features of organizing walking tourism.

4. Identify the basic requirements for the technology and tactics of pedestrian tourism.

Theoreticalimportanceresearch consists in generalizing and concretizing data from scientific and methodological literature on the problem of technology and tactics of pedestrian tourism.

The work consists of two chapters and five paragraphs. In the first chapter, “Theoretical foundations of walking tourism,” the concept of “pedestrian tourism” will be revealed, an introduction will be made to the categories of complexity of walking tourism (§ 1), and the features of the organization of walking tourism (§ 2), and the organization of food and safety in walking tourism will also be described. (§3).

In the second chapter, “Analysis of technology and tactics of pedestrian tourism,” the basics of technology (§ 1) and tactics of pedestrian tourism (§ 2) will be revealed.

1. Theoretical foundations of walking tourism

Hiking is a type of sports tourism. The main goal is for the group to cover the route on foot through slightly rough terrain.

Of all the extreme sports, hiking is the most natural and most accessible. Tourist activities contribute to the formation of a person’s active life position. Walking tourism is an extremely valuable means of physical education and active recreation of a person in nature. On hiking trips, participants temper their bodies, improve their health, develop endurance, strength and other physical qualities, acquire applied skills and abilities in terrain navigation, overcoming natural obstacles, self-care, etc.

Hiking and traveling do not require additional means of transportation (like skiing, water, cycling, etc.), special equipment (like mountain and speleological) and are carried out mainly during snowless periods of the year. Pedestrian tourism has been and remains the most widespread. Almost all tourists started with him. Most of the weekend hikes and 1st category of difficulty, which are mainly carried out in the native land, are hiking trips. Significantly fewer groups go on difficult hiking trips than on water and mountain trips.

When assessing the complexity of hiking trips, the autonomous actions of the group and the continuity of uninhabited, difficult terrain in the absence of often short alternative exit options in the event of an accident are taken into account. The absence of certain landmarks in the remote taiga region, movement through thickets, swamps, canyons without a permanent path - all this becomes a significant addition to the purely technical aspects of the route. To increase the technical complexity of hiking trips, their routes are supplemented with ascents to observation peaks.

The presence of the necessary natural resources in almost every region, the ability to get by with a minimum of inexpensive equipment, the construction of routes for tourists of all age and sports levels, and the high health-improving effect put hiking tourism among the leaders among other types of tourism.

Walking combats stress and depression - even if it's just a daily walk in a city park. But much better and more useful are long multi-day walking tours.

In hiking, like in no other extreme sport, the team is important. When getting ready for a trip, you will carefully select your equipment, but even more carefully – your travel companions.

Even the most extreme sports are rarely marked by injuries or real problems for athletes, and hiking should be just as well managed.

Classification hikes:

The category of route difficulty is determined by the presence of local obstacles, the geographical indicator of the area, the autonomy of the route, the intensity of the route, etc. Depending on this, hikes are divided into:

Weekend hikes;

Hikes of 1-3 degrees of difficulty - in children's and youth tourism;

Table 1

Classification of walking routes

Hikes with a length and duration that are less than those established for hikes of category I difficulty are non-categorical. Their most common type is weekend hikes. Non-category hikes can include any elements (sections) of hikes, up to category VI of difficulty. The following are allowed for the hike: along the route of category I - schoolchildren no younger than 13 years old, category II - no younger than 14 years old, category III - no younger than 15 years old, category IV - schoolchildren no younger than 16 years old. Hikes can be carried out by sports and tourism organizations of educational institutions. Hiking from the first to third category of difficulty for children is mainly children's and youth tourism.

Hikes from the first to the sixth difficulty category for adults. 1st category is the easiest, not requiring any special knowledge; The 6th category is the most difficult, which requires special and physical preparation, with appropriate equipment.

To master a hiking trip of each difficulty category, tourists must have experience in participating in hikes of the previous category of difficulty, and the head of the group must have experience in participating in this category, and experience managing hikes in the previous categories.

The logic of the route consists of several concepts. Ideally, this is a continuous route without (or with a minimum number of) radial exits and with an even distribution of physical, technical and psychological stress and natural obstacles. It provides maximum familiarity with the travel area.

Continuity of the route is a mandatory element, without which the physical and psychological stress of the hike is sharply reduced. A break in the route is considered to be a stay in a populated area for more than two days not caused by extreme necessity, as well as the use of intra-route transport. As an exception, and only if necessary, a short-term break in the route using transport within a given tourist area may be allowed.

The duration of the hike is established by the category requirements, based on the minimum time in days required for a prepared group to complete the route. An increase in duration can be justified by the greater length of the route, the greater number and complexity of natural obstacles. Days are also added for reconnaissance and in case of bad weather.

1.2 Features of the organization of walking tourism

The main stages of a hiking trip are: choosing a route; preparation of equipment; group movement order; choice of path on the route.

Choose route it is necessary, first of all, to rely on the specific experience and strength of each group member, the availability of appropriate equipment and the possibility of certain trainings before the hike. In this case, one cannot count on the maximum expenditure of forces. A rational alternation of load and rest, which creates a certain rhythm in the body’s functioning, should be maintained throughout the entire hike, throughout the day, and even during the movement itself. Only under these conditions does hiking become an important health resort.

Particularly difficult and complex sections of the route (passes, rockfall and avalanche danger, river crossings, places with a sharp rise in altitude, azimuthal, uninhabited, with difficult orientation) must be identified and a detailed plan (tactical and technical) for overcoming them must be drawn up.

The kilometer of a day's trek is calculated not on average for the entire route, but taking into account the technical complexity and difficulty of individual sections, the weight of the backpack at individual stages, depending on the consumption of food, and the necessary acclimatization.

When traveling on foot, it is necessary to calculate all azimuths in advance, taking into account the magnetic declination (in azimuthal sections). Azimuths should start from places precisely marked on the map and easily detectable on the ground, and abut the terrain line (river bed, lake shore, sea shore, railway or highway, foot of a mountain range). Planning an exit in azimuth to a point on the ground (for example, a hunting hut) is not recommended, because the slightest mistake can lead to an emergency.

Movement in azimuth on sharply rugged terrain, and especially on mountainous terrain, is not allowed.

It is necessary to develop special security measures: methods of communication and signaling if the group is divided into subgroups; allocate a reconnaissance group; Make a plan in case of an emergency.

Correctly selected equipment completely corresponding to the complexity of the route and the specifics of the type are a guarantee of successful completion of the route, maintaining the health of participants and ensuring safety. Hiking equipment should be durable, comfortable, and lightweight.

When preparing for a hike, you must remember that an excessively heavy backpack is depressing not only physically, but also mentally, so you should give up everything you can do without and not forget a single little thing that will be necessary during the hike.

Order movement groups.

Usually, among experienced tourists, a leader and a trailing one stand out. The task of the first is to choose the path and set the most advantageous pace of movement (but not higher than the pace of the weakest). The task of the second is to prevent the participants from falling behind, to help the tired, and to promptly give the leader a signal to stop if necessary.

On a flat road, without stretching, without ahead of the leader, without falling behind the trailing one, the tourists walk each at their own rhythm. In this case, it is not at all necessary to go in formation, in a chain.

Along a narrow mountain path, along the slopes, to make walking easier and safer, they move in a column one at a time, without breaking away from each other.

It is generally advisable to place weakened hikers in front, but slowing down the pace of others can make them feel like a burden to the group. Leaving him in the ranks where he usually goes, it is necessary to monitor the gaps between him and the one in front and, if necessary, reduce the pace of movement.

An increase in the overall pace of movement is achieved by a reasonable distribution of the weight load, taking into account the strengths of everyone, thus ensuring comradely mutual assistance in the team. In this case, the strongest participants are loaded more than others, and the average ones are loaded more weakly. As a result, the weakest will follow the pace of the strongest.

Choice ways.

In the taiga, you need to choose a route along pack and pedestrian paths or along rivers; on certain sections of the route, use animal trails, which, as a rule, bypass obstacles. At the same time, when moving along hiking trails, you should not confuse them with animal trails. The latter are recognized by the absence of human traces. The direction, beginning, and end of hiking trails are checked with the local population.

You can bypass the clamp by water if the river is not dangerous, shallow, and bypassing along the shore involves a significant increase in height. But most often they walk along the shore, climbing the coastal route. In this case, you need to look at the further path and, if there are clamps, move along the top.

Moving without a compass and determining the cardinal directions by luminaries and local signs in the taiga is unacceptable: you can lose your orientation. Finding yourself in such a position, you should look for an exit to a river or stream, and, having chosen the direction of movement, control it along the tree trunks, as if drawing a straight line on the ground. It is recommended to view the area from the trees.

When planning movement along roads or paths, it is necessary in advance, using a map, to determine the azimuths of individual directions and control the movement with a compass (in case of forks in roads and paths).

1.3 Catering and safety in hiking

An important point in preparing a group for a hike is the calculation of food (layout) and its distribution among the participants. Several conditions must be met, namely:

Meals along the route must be sufficient for participants to complete all travel tasks;

The protein-carbohydrate-fat balance must be maintained;

The weight and volume of the layout should be minimal;

It is desirable that the menu be tasty and varied.

When distributing products between participants at the first stage, it makes sense to proceed from the principle of equality of weight and volume for everyone. Then, if necessary, shift the balance of weight slightly in favor of the stronger members of the group.

Energy costs during a tourist trip include: costs for basal metabolism (that is, for maintaining the functioning of organs that ensure the existence of the body), work and rest. But any energy costs require restoration.

Thus, when walking at an average pace with a backpack weighing up to 15 kg, energy is consumed 5 times more than at rest, when skiing at a speed of up to 10 km/h without a backpack - 10 times more. In some cases, when performing long-term hard work, which tourists face when carrying out difficult hikes, daily energy consumption can reach up to 8000 kcal.

Changes in the intensity of metabolism and energy occur not only when performing physical work, but also under the influence of emotions and meteorological factors - temperature and humidity, wind force, barometric pressure, etc.

Energy expenditure when resting on the route and working at the bivouac. Rest on the route with a net 7.5-hour running time (a very intense traffic regime) is 2 hours - 6 small rests of 10 minutes each and 2 large rests of 30 minutes each. During this time, the body spends about 250 kcal.

Work on organizing and removing the bivouac takes up to 1.5 hours (250 kcal).

Meals at the bivouac (dinner and breakfast) last 1 hour (120 kcal).

Work at the bivouac: collecting firewood, setting up a kitchen, water supply, changing clothes, drying equipment, keeping a diary, analyzing the results of the past day and setting a task for the next day, etc. - lasts about 3.5 hours (500 kcal).

Evening and morning toilet - 0.5 hours (60 kcal).

If we sum up the energy costs for basal metabolism, the specific dynamic effect of food and the costs during rest on the route, we get a value of 2000 kcal. This is a very important value when calculating possible energy costs on a hiking trip (it may vary slightly). Calculation of energy costs of walking tourism and category of difficulty.

Pedestrian tourism 3100 - 1st category, 3400 - 2nd category, 3700 - 3rd category, 4100 - 4th category, 4500 - 5th category, 5000 - 6th category.

Calorie content nutrition V travel

It has been established that to ensure satisfactory ratios of amino acids in the diet, the diet must contain at least half of animal proteins.

Of the plant products consumed on hikes, the most valuable proteins contain buckwheat, beans, dried potatoes, rye bread and rice; from products of animal origin - meat, fish, egg powder, meat pate, dried fish, cheese, milk powder, raw smoked sausage.

When preparing food, it is necessary to combine products that ensure good protein absorption: dairy and meat dishes with cereal seasoning. For example, buckwheat porridge with milk.

When compiling daily food rations, you need to remember that the variety of products from which food is prepared, as well as the variety of dishes themselves, help ensure adequate nutrition and allow the tourist’s body to receive the entire necessary range of nutrients from food.

A well-thought-out diet must have the necessary calorie content; the products included in the diet must satisfy the taste requirements of tourists and be interchangeable.

Groups wishing to increase their caloric intake above 4000 kcal can easily do this by adding foods intended for food at large and small rest stops: butter, cheese, lard, crispbread, chocolate, etc.

In tourist practice, a menu is prepared in advance for the entire duration of the trip. The purchase of products necessary for the preparation of the dishes indicated on the menu is carried out according to the planned assortment and in the required quantities.

The development of a nutrition regimen is closely related to the group’s determination of the tactical construction of the route. The mode must correspond to the chosen movement tactics. But, at the same time, tactics should not contradict the basic principles of rational nutrition.

When developing tactics for any trip, it is necessary to take into account that the body’s need for food changes significantly during the day, depending on how long the intervals between individual meals are. So, the longer the intervals, the less often a person eats, the greater his need for food turns out to be. On tourist trips, as a rule, we only have 2 or 3 hot meals a day, and the rest are fairly high-calorie and, if possible, fairly balanced meals with dry rations at large rest stops.

The purpose of breakfast is to create an energy reserve in the body to maintain the longest possible working condition during the longest part of the working day. Breakfast should be high-calorie - about 30% of the total calorie content of the daily diet, easily digestible, small in volume, rich in sugar, phosphorus, vitamins C and B15, substances that stimulate the activity of the nervous system. The calorie content of breakfast is 1250-1700 kcal, depending on the complexity of the tourist trip.

The purpose of lunch is to make up for the possible deficit of energy costs formed in the body as a result of the discrepancy between the high intensity of work on the route. Lunch should also be quite dense - up to 30% of the total calorie content of the daily diet, contain a high percentage of animal proteins, a large amount of carbohydrates and fats. The calorie content of lunch is 1000-1700 kcal, depending on the complexity of the route.

The purpose of dinner is to restore as much as possible the energy spent during the past working day and prepare the body for moving along the route the next day. The calorie content of dinner should be 30% of the total calorie content of the daily diet. The calorie content of dinner is up to 1700 kcal.

Meals with dry rations. The daily break with 2 hot meals a day averages about 12 hours, and this time accounts for the main physical (moving with a backpack along the highway, overcoming complex natural obstacles) and neuropsychic stress. Every 3 hours of movement, the group must stop for a sufficiently long (30-40 minutes in summer and 10-15 minutes in winter) halt, at which participants are given smoked or semi-smoked sausage, canned meat pate or canned fish, cheese, loin or lard, chocolate butter , crackers, biscuits, halva, sugar, sweets, glucose and sweet drinks (hot from a thermos in winter) or regular acidified or salted water (in summer).

Pocket food plays an important role along the route along with dry rations. It is used at small rest stops, that is, after 40-45 minutes of movement. Its total calorie content is 200-600 kcal (5-10% of daily calories).

The contents of the pocket meal are given to all participants by the group duty officer before or immediately after breakfast. It includes quickly digestible products: quickly soluble refined sugar, glucose, sweets - lollipops, as well as dried apricots and prunes. All these products, necessarily packed in plastic bags, are carried by tourists in the pocket of a rain jacket or in another easily accessible place, so that if necessary (for example, a sudden loss of strength), they can take out and take several glucose tablets, sugar, and candy without removing their backpack.

Water is necessary for humans to maintain normal life. The body's daily need for water is approximately 2.5 liters.

The general principle of laying out products for transportation along the route is as follows: do not transport the entire amount of an important product (flour, crackers, etc.) in one backpack. The fall of this backpack into a crack on the glacier, being carried off the raft, a poorly tied knot in the rope with which this backpack is pulled up, puts the group in a difficult situation. Such products or property should be distributed among several participants.

The distribution of food products for transportation should reduce the work on cooking food at the bivouac to a minimum, ensure uniform unloading of tourists’ backpacks and a uniform duty load for travel participants. Uniform unloading of backpacks is achieved by selecting the same weight characteristics for breakfast, lunch or meals at large halts and dinner, as well as by appointing 3 people on duty for the day, responsible for preparing food for breakfast, lunch and dinner, each one cooks from what he carries.

Security security- the most important component of any hike. When hiking, it is necessary to anticipate and minimize the possibility of accidents.

There are four main reasons that cause accidents: poor discipline in the group, insufficient tourist training and experience, the complexity of natural obstacles, and an unexpected critical change in the weather. The most dangerous of these reasons is poor discipline in the group. Ignoring generally accepted norms of behavior, established rules for hiking, traveling, a reckless attitude towards dangers on the route, irresponsibility, and neglect of insurance are fraught with accidents.

Insufficient preparation and inexperience are often the reason for a poor understanding of the possible dangers on a given route. Safety on a hike also largely depends on the availability and quality of equipment. The equipment of the hiker, his clothing and shoes determine the possibility of personal protection from the adverse influences of the external environment.

Self-insurance is the ability to independently perform special techniques to avoid falls, falls, coups, apply precautions, and get out of difficult situations with minimal losses.

Insurance is a measure of readiness to provide and assistance to a comrade who is overcoming a difficult section of the path or obstacle, in order to prevent a possible breakdown, fall, drowning, etc.

For self-insurance on moderately difficult hikes, you can use a regular or ski pole. The most common method of belaying is belaying with a rope. Simultaneous belay is carried out on simple sections of the route and with simple obstacles: tourists, while on the move, simultaneously insure their comrades.

It is important to remember that it is not the routes themselves that are dangerous, but incorrect actions when passing them.

On the one hand, experts say that hiking is certainly one of the safest active disciplines, with minimal injuries.

The most common injuries for tourists are minor injuries to the extremities: bruises, abrasions, abrasions, small cuts, bruises. Legs are especially susceptible to injury; they account for up to 3/4 of all hiking injuries. Light burns and local frostbite are also typical, since 2/3 of the travel time is spent on halts, overnight stays and bivouac work, 1/10 of cases of severe injuries and illnesses during winter hikes are associated with halts. The causes of most injuries are the wrong behavior of people, but to some extent they are also explained by the easy wetness of standard tents, the insufficient thermal insulation qualities of sleeping bags, the inconvenience and unsafety of commercially available camping utensils, the lack of reliable camping stoves, etc.

Sprains and other ligament injuries, dislocations and fractures, wounds from sharp (axe) and blunt (stone) objects are also common. The most common diseases are poisoning, stomach upsets, and colds.

Hiking accidents and injuries mostly occur when hikers are tired. The main cause of fatigue is insufficient general and special physical training, poor development of physical qualities: strength, speed, agility, balance, endurance. In hiking, 10% of accidents occur due to poor physical fitness of tourists and 65% due to deterioration in physical condition. It follows from this that the physical fitness of the participants in the hike must be given paramount importance.

An analysis of accidents shows that about half of deaths in hiking are associated with overcoming water obstacles, and a quarter of severe injuries are associated with unforeseen changes in hiking conditions, especially in the mountains (rockfalls, avalanches, cold snap).

Hiking accounts for about 3.0% of the total number of sports tourism accidents. The main factor influencing safety is the level of practical tourist experience acquired in previous trips. The requirements for this experience are determined by the Rules for conducting tourist sports trips. But this level cannot be verified without a detailed classification of routes.

2. Analysis of technology and tactics of pedestrian tourism

2.1 Analysis of walking technology

It has one method of movement - on foot, general technical techniques for overcoming rough terrain and water obstacles; The differences lie primarily in the fact that hiking takes place in all areas. However, this main difference remains mainly only at the level of hikes of I-III categories of difficulty, since for hiking routes of higher categories of difficulty, high-mountain regions are also used - the Western and Eastern Caucasus, Altai, Pamir-Alai, Western Tien Shan, the high-mountain Buordakh massif in Chersky Ridge, although qualitative differences (for example, the technical complexity of the passes) remain.

From the point of view of the technical preparedness of tourists and ensuring their safety, it is necessary to pay attention to several important points.

Hiking trips not only II-III, but in many cases also I category of difficulty are made not in the plains, but in low-mountain and mid-mountain areas, often with alpine relief forms (Mountain Crimea, Carpathians, Kola Peninsula, Southern and Subpolar Urals, Kodar, Sayan Mountains ). In these cases, as in mountain hikes, participants must master the technique of moving along mountain slopes and crossing mountain rivers, belaying and self-insurance techniques.

The simplest obstacles typical for hiking in flat areas should include: moderately rough terrain (hills, ravines, gullies, hollows), dense forest, swamps, streams and rivers. In low-mountain and mid-mountain regions, these obstacles are added to: mountain pass areas with slopes of small and medium steepness - grassy, scree, snow. Water obstacles are also difficult in these areas - as a rule, not wide, but fast streams and rivers; Accordingly, the technical methods for organizing crossings will be somewhat more complex. In high mountain areas, even for routes of the first category of difficulty, the following obstacles are added to the indicated obstacles: small sections of movement on glaciers and firn slopes, steep paths, moraines, small, medium and large screes of stones.

Movement along steep paths with the development of rational walking techniques (correct positioning of the legs, support on the alpenstock);

Practicing techniques for overcoming low obstacles - stones, fallen trees;

overcoming a difficult forest (thicket, dense forest with undergrowth, ravines and gullies, rubble, windfalls);

Movement on grassy, snowy and scree slopes (ascent, traverse, descent), organizing self-insurance using an alpenstock or ice ax;

movement through swamps - techniques for moving with a pole, along roads with provision of mutual insurance;

Crossing water obstacles (streams, rivers) - organizing fording with alpenstocks, organizing insurance, guiding the crossing (luggage, railings);

transporting the victim - performing exercises to transport the victim on an improvised stretcher made of two poles and a tent (or two rain jackets, jackets) with safety belts;

Knitting various types of knots ("guide", "grasping" "stirrup", "straight", etc.). In the technical training of tourists (pedestrians and miners) there are no primary and secondary elements - they are all equally important, since it is the technique of movement and insurance that is the main thing in ensuring the safety of participants in hiking trips. Even on steep grassy slopes, especially after rain, located above cliffs, the movement of tourists becomes far from safe, and overcoming the slopes, of course, requires the organization of insurance.

Moving along grassy slopes. There are practically no flat surfaces on grassy slopes. There are protruding stones and hummocks almost everywhere. If you walk carefully, all these unevenness can be used as steps and you can walk on them even without special shoes, but in “vibrams” or tricones? boots can also be used on very steep slopes. If the grass is wet, is it advisable to walk on steep, dangerous slopes only in “vibrams” or knock-down boots? or wear crampons.

On old scree and rocky slopes overgrown with thick, tall grass or small shrubs, you must walk slowly.

When climbing shallow scree, the group usually walks in a column, although movement at different levels along serpentine roads is acceptable, however, it is better to avoid it. Taking into account the above, when turning, you have to wait until the whole group arrives at the turning point. They move along fixed (“dead”) or frozen scree in the same way as along grassy slopes. The order of movement along the “live” scree on the descent is arbitrary, but it is better to walk in a line with a relatively small distance between participants.

On medium scree you can move in almost any direction, as well as on small scree, but it is preferable to move obliquely or in a zigzag.

When a group moves in a zigzag pattern, special attention should be paid to safe cornering. Having reached the turning point, the guide must wait until the rest of the participants join him, and only then begin moving in a new direction. When moving along live scree in a large group, it is better to break up into several mobile groups walking with a significant gap from each other. It must be remembered that screes and moraines lying on a hard, smooth base (on steep slabs, sheep's foreheads) are especially dangerous. To an inexperienced person they seem simple, but often they slide down like an avalanche of stones. When climbing, you need to plan in advance a place for shelter in case of a rockfall.

Large scree, as a rule, is denser than medium and small ones. You must move along it carefully, stepping from one stone to another, avoiding significant jumps. You should be wary of stones with inclined edges and inclined slabs: if the slope is too steep, your foot may slip off them. Both when descending and when ascending, your feet should be placed on the edge of the stones facing the mountain.

Movement on snow and firn. When moving on snow, the principle of “two points of support” is applied (leg - leg, leg - ice ax), which is valid even on steep slopes.

To ensure safe movement on snow, the following recommendations are offered:

On a soft snow slope, you should gradually press down on the foot support, avoiding forceful kicking into the snow. This helps to preserve steps that could collapse from a sharp blow, saves energy and reduces the danger of an avalanche;

If the crust is fragile and cannot withstand the weight of a person, there is no need to try to stay on its surface. It is better to break the crust with a sharp blow of the foot, and then press the sole to compact the step under it;

Sometimes you can stay on a steep crusty slope by resting your sole on the edge of a step cut into the crust, and your shin on the crust, thus distributing your body weight over a large surface area of the snow;

When moving on snow, the body position should be vertical, especially if the steps are unreliable;

The length of the leader’s step should not exceed the length of the step of the shortest member of the group;

All participants must follow the trail, without knocking down the steps, taking care of their safety;

The more difficult path should be preferred if it is less dangerous. Thus, climbing straight up is preferable not only because of the shortest path, but also because of greater safety, since this does not cut off the snow, as when moving in a zigzag or traversing a slope.

The basis of ice technique is walking on crampons, cutting down steps, and working with ice pitons.

Crossings of mountain rivers. Mountain rivers are a serious obstacle on the way of a tourist.

The method of crossing the river (ford, over water or over rocks) is chosen in accordance with the nature of the river section, technical equipment and preparedness of the group.

The safest crossing point is a section of the river where the strength of the flow is minimal, that is, where the channel is widest and the depth of the flow is smallest.

After the preparatory work, the crossing begins. In simple cases, when a person is carried away by the current of water and only threatens to swim, wading can be carried out without insurance. The most convenient methods in this case will be: a single river crossing with support on a pole, which is used to rest against the bottom against the current; in a line facing the stream, hugging the shoulders or waist, with the most physically strong participant standing at the top of the stream; in twos - facing each other, putting their hands on the shoulders of a comrade and moving at a side step sideways to the current; around - holding shoulders.

In case the water knocks the crosser off his feet, the main safety rope must be free. Otherwise, she, rigidly holding the one who has fallen off, will not allow him to either get up or swim.

When wading with a pole, you need a fairly strong stick no shorter than a person's height, attached with the short end of a rope to the safety ropes or to the chest harness. You need to move somewhat against the current, strongly pushing against the bottom sixth upstream; hold the stick with your hands wide apart; When moving, always maintain two points of support; legs and pole cannot be raised high in the water; first feel the bottom, looking for a solid point of support. Having crossed to the other bank, the tourist secures the main rope there to a tree or ledge. Railings are organized for crossing the remaining participants. The height of the railing should not be lower than the chest level of the person standing in the river. It is also advisable to move along the railing against the current.

When wading along the railings, the participant is fastened with a carabiner to the safety rope in front. The size of the loop with a carabiner for self-belaying should be such that while moving you can walk leaning back on straight arms. In this case, you should hold on to the tensioned railings with both hands and walk with an extended step. You need to cross downstream relative to the railing. Having crossed to the other side, unfasten the safety rope and, having connected it with a carbine in a safe place, remove the lanyard. The latter unties the railing rope, attaches himself to it and to the auxiliary rope, as when crossing the first, and, leaning on a pole, crosses. They cross the railings only one at a time. You cannot use a gripping unit instead of a carabiner. It is mandatory to cross in boots and clothing. After crossing, you need to pour the water out of your boots, wipe them from the inside with a dry cloth, and wring out your socks and clothes.

2.2 Analysis of walking tourism tactics

In sports, tactics is defined as the art of wrestling [.....]. By analogy in tourism, tactics can also be defined as the art of conducting hikes and competitions. However, we will give a more informative definition of tourism tactics. In tourism, the definition of “tactics” will be understood as the choice of optimal technical means, methods of their use and actions to effectively and safely achieve set goals and solve necessary problems […..]. How (how) can you achieve the goal of a hike, overcome a route, or complete competition tasks with the least material, physical, and mental costs? This is the main issue of tourist tactics, the solution of which involves solving a number of individual tactical problems.

Often in specialized literature the concept of tactics is inextricably linked with the concept of tourist equipment and they talk about solving technical and tactical problems. Indeed, tourist tactics are often embodied in the form of choosing suitable techniques and technical means from among those that tourists possess to solve a specific situational problem. Accordingly, the more techniques and means mastered, the greater the scope for tactical decisions. And vice versa, if a tourist knows one single technique for solving a given problem, there is no need to talk about any tactics. In accordance with the classification of tourist equipment, we can also present a classification of tactics:

· insurance tactics;

· tactics for overcoming natural obstacles;

· bivouac tactics, etc.

In fact, the concept of “tactics” should be applied to all aspects of the organization and conduct of campaigns and competitions. We can divide tourism tactics based on the period of tactical decision making into:

· tactics for organizing hikes and competitions;

· tactics of their implementation […..].

In addition to the above classification, tourism tactics distinguish between individual and group tactics. Individual tactics consists in optimizing the solution of personal situational and general tourist problems such as: choosing personal equipment, distributing forces during a day's march, choosing a way to overcome one or another obstacle, determining the time spent on sleep, etc. Group (team) tactics are accordingly aimed at effective solution of a variety of general team tasks characteristic of the preparatory and marching periods […..].

During the organizational period, tactics consist of developing an optimal campaign plan. At the same time, the characteristic tactical tasks when preparing a recreational trip are the following:

· Selection of target recreational and educational facilities; determining the length of the route and the duration of the hike.

· Selection of the optimal tactical route scheme (circular, linear, combined).

· Determination of places for organizing bivouacs.

· Development of a hike schedule, including determining the length of day trips, the number and location of days, half-days, dates for excursions and entertainment competitions.

· Selection of the optimal option for logistics and staffing of the group.

· Selection of travel mode and load mode.

· Selecting a camping diet and optimal diet.

Among the tactical issues that are resolved directly during the campaign, we can safely include the above-mentioned issues of choosing equipment to solve specific situational problems.

· Choosing a technique for overcoming natural obstacles.

· Selection of technical techniques and means of orientation on the ground.

· Choice of bivouac technique.

· Selection of belay technique […..].

In addition, tactical decisions during the campaign include all decisions that clarify or change the planned campaign plan. These include, for example, changes in the planned temporary traffic patterns; adjustment of the hike schedule, the load regime of the hike, etc. These changes may be required either due to unsuccessful tactical decisions in the preparatory period, or due to unforeseen circumstances (for example, due to worsening weather conditions, illness of the participant, etc.). The tactics of the marching period also include the ability to make the right decision in a non-standard (emergency) situation.

Note that incorrect technical and tactical decisions during the preparatory and hiking periods can, at best, reduce the effectiveness of the hike, lead to incomplete achievement of recreational goals, and cause negative emotions of participants (for example, due to their overwork). In the worst case, wrong decisions can cause injuries and illnesses to participants (the implementation of a subjective risk factor). We will indicate two defining criteria for choosing the optimal tourist equipment and tactics. Firstly, it is the effectiveness of solving the main and situational goals and objectives of a tourist event (for example, the goals of proper rest and health improvement for participants). Secondly, it is the safety of the participants in the hike and competition. In its most general form, tactical training can be defined as the ability of a group to carry out purposeful actions that make it possible to effectively solve both general and specific tasks of a campaign and ensure the safety of all its participants. It is necessary to distinguish between group and individual tourist tactics. It should be borne in mind that tasks of a group nature are solved both at the stage of preparing the trip (selection and detailed study of the route area, planning the route and drawing up a calendar plan for the trip, carefully thought out logistical support for the group, planning safety measures), and directly on route (changes in the travel plan and schedule, organization of forced stops and days, preliminary reconnaissance and processing of individual complex or objectively dangerous sections of the route, organization of the delivery of food, fuel and equipment, redistribution of responsibilities between participants). Group tactics and the possible need to adjust them are influenced by: sudden changes in weather conditions and natural disasters, the need for urgent assistance to another tourist group that has suffered an accident, or to the local population in the event of a natural disaster, injury or illness of one of the participants, unsatisfactory condition (physical , mental) group, the need for socially useful work not provided for in the preliminary plan […..].

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Moscow Pedagogical State University

"Autumn - 2016"

Competitions are held in accordance with the “Rules of the sport “Sports Tourism” (hereinafter referred to as the “Rules...”), the “Regulations for the competition “Unofficial Tourist Rally of the Moscow State University of Pedagogical University” (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulations...”), these Regulations, the Conditions for the competition approved by the State Jury Committee. .

I. Hiking technique

(Tourist obstacle course)

Team composition: 6 people (at least 2 women) and two reserve participants.

Possible steps:

1. "Get down"

“slegi” - crossing through a “swamp”. The team must move from one “safe zone” to another, using and touching in the “danger zone” only the poles (long poles) and supports designated by the judges. Touching other objects located in the “danger zone” is prohibited.

Fines at the stage:

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Stepping over the restriction;

5. Fall;

6. Refusal to complete the stage by the participant;

7. Failure to comply with the conditions for the team to pass the stage;

8. Argument with the judge;

9. Help/advice from outside.

2. "HUMMS"

“Hummocks” - crossing a “swamp” on hummocks prepared by the refereeing team. The team must move from one “safe zone” to another using only the “bumps” designated by the judges. Touching other objects located in the “danger zone” is prohibited.

Fines at the stage:

1. Single touch behind the limit;

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Stepping over the restriction;

4. Loading the support beyond the constraint;

5. Fall;

6. Failure of the participant to complete the stage;

7. Refusal to complete the stage by the participant;

8. Failure to comply with the conditions for the team to pass the stage;

9. Argument with the judge;

10. Help/advice from outside.

3. “Pole Crossing”

Crossing with a pole - crossing a natural or artificial obstacle, designated by the judges, using a pole. Touching the pole with both hands is mandatory.

Fines at the stage:

1. Single touch behind the limit;

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Stepping over the restriction;

4. Two on stage;

5. Getting wet;

6. Loading the support beyond the constraint;

7. Fall;

8. Failure of the participant to complete the stage;

9. Refusal to complete the stage by the participant;

10. Failure to comply with the conditions for the team to pass the stage;

11. Arguments with the judge;

12. Help/advice from outside.

4. “Crossing with a pendulum”

“Pendulum crossing” – crossing over a natural or artificial obstacle using a “pendulum”.

The pendulum is designed as follows:

Rope 1 is stretched between two supports. The end of rope 2 is tied to the third support, which is not in line with the first two. The participant must cross the obstacle by stepping on rope 1 with his feet and holding onto the end of rope 2 with his hands. Rope 2 must be loaded at the same time .

When passing the stage:

the participant can only touch ropes, supports and their parts;

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF
FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION of secondary vocational education
Stary Oskol branch of the federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education "Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze"
SOF MGRI-RGGRU

Makhonina M.V.

WALKING TOURISM TECHNIQUES

Methodological report

Stary Oskol, 2014
Pedestrian tourism is the most widespread and most accessible type of tourism. Millions of people go on planned and amateur walking routes across the country every year.
General characteristics of walking tourism
Hiking is hiking trips done on foot. Hiking trips are carried out almost throughout the entire territory of the former USSR, in all climatic zones and geographical regions - from the Arctic tundra to deserts and mountains. Pedestrian tourism is the most popular type of tourism. Its attractiveness and main distinguishing feature is that it is accessible and useful to any practically healthy person. regardless of age and physical development, it provides greater freedom in choosing a route in accordance with the aesthetic, cognitive and cultural needs of the travel participants. Hiking is characterized by ease of preparation and conduct of hikes, and the relative ease of organizing proper rest at a bivouac. Hiking trips can vary in complexity - from excursions and weekend hikes to complex category hikes.
Routes of non-category hikes are usually chosen so that there are, if possible, no natural obstacles along the route, the passage of which requires special preparation and mastery of special technical techniques. The main natural obstacles and difficulties that complicate the passage of the route in hiking are water barriers (plain and mountain rivers, swamps), forest debris, windbreaks, dense thickets, deep ravines, steep grassy slopes, rockfalls, screes, rocks, rains, desert areas with loose sand in the heat (typically in April - September), an abundance of midges (especially in the North and Northeast of the Russian Federation in June - August). If there are such obstacles on the route, then the participants of the hike are required (to ensure their own safety) to know the simplest ways to overcome them (for example, fording a river or using a constructed crossing, climbing a scree, clearing rubble, setting up a bivouac with reliable shelter from rain and midges ) and the ability to apply your knowledge in specific conditions (if for some reason the obstacle cannot be circumvented). If there are a large number of various natural obstacles on the route, a hiking trip can turn into a combined one, for example, walking-water, mountain-pedestrian. Further complication of the route with the predominance of some type of obstacles or method of transportation (in addition to walking) turns the combined trip into a specialized one, related, for example, to mountain or water tourism.
Features of pedestrian crossings
The correct choice of movement mode, rational distribution of one’s forces, mastering methods of movement over various terrain and techniques for overcoming obstacles - all this makes it possible to successfully and safely complete the intended route.
The daily routine should provide a certain rhythm in the alternation of loads and rest necessary to restore strength. For older teenagers and young men, the transition lasts no more than 40-45 minutes, and with increased complexity of the route sections - even less. Small rests usually last 10-15 minutes, and on complex and difficult sections they reach 20-25 minutes. The driving mode depends on the terrain, season, weather and other conditions. In the first half of the day, it is recommended to cover no more than 60% of the daily journey. By dividing the day's trek into even sections, the tourist has time to cover four to six sections of the route before lunch, and two or three more after lunch and rest. The duration of lunch, afternoon rest, excursion and local history work in the afternoon can take at least 3-5 hours.
If the weather is hot, you should set out on the route at 6-7 am, which means getting up earlier after sleep. At 10-11 o'clock the transitions of the first half of the day end. It is recommended to start hiking in the second half of the day after the heat subsides, usually not earlier than 18 hours. Early rises and departures on the route are also beneficial in the mountains, where in the morning the water in the rivers has not yet risen, rockfalls occur less frequently and it is safer to travel in avalanche-prone areas.
The group should always walk evenly and at the “pace of the weakest” (therefore, the group is selected according to equal strengths and prepares for a serious hike, raising the level of the weak to the average and stronger). The uniformity of movement helps to maintain the strength and performance of tourists. To maintain uniformity of movement, it is necessary to monitor the constancy of the number of steps in equal periods of time. Moreover, on rough terrain, the tourist’s stride lengthens on easy descents and shortens on difficult sections and climbs. Leaving a rest stop, tourists slowly pick up the optimal speed and slow it down as they approach the next rest stop.
For movement, the tourist group is located in a column one at a time. The first to go is the guide (navigator), who knows this section of the route well and chooses the best way to pass it, monitors the pace of movement, the time of transitions and stops. At the end of the tourist column there is usually a repairman or mechanic (if the trip is skiing, kayaking, cycling, etc.). The trailing person must ensure that there are no significant gaps between tourists in the column, so that no one lags behind. If it is necessary to stop or slow down, he gives a signal to the leader.
When moving along the route, it is not allowed (especially in groups of students) to break in the column until the participants lose voice or visual communication with each other. The trek leader ensures the management of the group and the safety of the route. He always passes through dangerous sections first (in other sections his place in the column is not regulated).
When hiking, the method of passing sections of the route is determined by the terrain, soil conditions, vegetation, and the presence of trails and roads. Meadows, uncultivated fields, copses and forests without dense undergrowth are passed through in azimuth. Forests with dense undergrowth, rugged terrain, and thickets of bushes are best traversed along trails, even if this significantly increases the length of the day's trek.
When lifting, the leg is placed on the entire foot, and not on the toe. The steeper the climb, the slower tourists should climb. For greater traction with the soil and ease of walking, the foot turns outward on such climbs. During a long, “protracted” climb, it is recommended to climb “serpentine”, turning alternately with your right and then your left side towards the slope.
While passing through forest thickets and dense bushes, the distance in the column is sharply reduced, and each subsequent participant repeats the movement of the previous one: holding and moving away branches, etc. Wetlands, but passable areas, are overcome over hummocks; rivers and other water barriers - along bridges and treasures. If the luggage is unstable, it is secured and walked over it with a pole, and also a rope railing is pulled or a long pole is used as a railing. If necessary, a log crossing is made, which requires special skills. Rivers with a calm current can be forded with mandatory insurance for each other.
On ski routes, the order of movement is slightly different. The participants of the hike continuously replace each other while laying the ski track. On descents, the distance between participants increases. In general, the line of movement in a ski trip on each individual section is much straighter than on foot, since the skier can overcome frozen swamps, ponds, lakes and other obstacles in a straight line.
Ski day trips begin much later, since dawn in winter occurs no earlier than 8-9 hours, especially during the January holidays in the northern part of the country. The lunch break on a ski trip is reduced to one hour or less. Small rest stops are also being reduced. You also have to stop for the night much earlier, at 16-17 hours.

Rests and overnight stays on a hiking trip.
A tourist stop (bivouac) is a stopover for trekking participants, a place for rest, food, sleep, processing of collected excursion materials, local history work, and preparation for the further journey. Depending on the duration, halts are divided into small, large (lunch or excursion, local history), overnight and day rest.
A special condition for organizing a halt is choosing a place that is safe for the participants of the hike. For a large halt, overnight stay and days, it must also meet other requirements: the availability of drinking water and fuel in sufficient quantities for cooking, a site for setting up camp and making a fire. At a short rest, the place and time of which is determined by the navigator of the group, the tired can sit or even lie down and do a little warm-up. In winter conditions, they rest on fallen trees, stumps, or backpacks placed on the back of their skis, cleared of snow.
Work at large rest stops must be clearly organized immediately. When stopping for lunch, one or two people go to get water, another one starts to make a fire. These are the kitchen attendants. The rest go for fuel. And only after the buckets have been placed on the fire and the preparation of lunch has begun, the participants in the hike, free from duty, can go about their business.
Organizing stops for the night (overnight) and for a day or two of rest from movement (day rest) requires a significant investment of time. Several people are engaged in setting up tents (tent camp). The commander on duty appoints those responsible for preparing a garbage pit, equipping a campfire site, constructing benches, etc. He is also responsible for getting up, breakfast, lunch, dinner, preparing for the night, and lights out; monitors the conduct of excursions, local history work, and participates in the assembly to sum up the results of the day. It is not recommended for unprepared tourists to spend the night in winter.
Setting up tents requires certain skills and abilities. First of all, you need to choose a clean and level place that is safe for spending the night. It is better to place the tents with the entrance to an open place - a clearing, lake, etc. In strong winds, the tent is placed with the entrance facing the wind. Gable tents have the floor down, and the floor is pulled evenly and tightly onto the pegs. Then they install large stakes (racks) at the entrance and the back wall of the tent (at the ends of the ridge), and pull the guys evenly and simultaneously. Having fastened the entrance to the tent (then it’s more difficult to do this), pull the side guy ropes of the lid alternately diagonally. Pegs are usually driven in at an angle of 45? to the side walls of the tent. In rainy weather, you need to cover the tent with plastic film or other waterproof material, and dig a shallow ditch around the tent with a drainage groove for rainwater.
The place for the fire at rest stops is chosen so that the fire does not damage trees and bushes or cause a fire. It is strictly forbidden to light fires in the summer in young coniferous forests, in areas with dry reeds, reeds, moss, grass, in clearings where there were previously fires, on peat bogs, in the forest on rocky areas.
The winding down of the camp takes place in an organized manner and begins with putting personal belongings into backpacks. Then the tents are removed. The stakes are not burned, but folded up and left for other groups of tourists. All garbage is burned at the stake, and non-burnable items (tin cans, etc.) are buried. The fire is raked and extinguished by filling it with water, covering it with earth, and the previously removed turf is placed on top.
Ensuring safety while hiking
When hiking, it is necessary to anticipate and minimize the possibility of accidents.
There are four main reasons that cause accidents: poor discipline in the group, insufficient tourist training and experience, the complexity of natural obstacles, and an unexpected critical change in the weather. The most dangerous of these reasons is poor discipline in the group. Ignoring generally accepted norms of behavior, established rules for hiking, traveling, a reckless attitude towards dangers on the route, irresponsibility, and neglect of insurance are fraught with accidents.
Insufficient preparation and inexperience are often the reason for a poor understanding of the possible dangers on a given route. Safety on a hike also largely depends on the availability and quality of equipment. The equipment of the hiker, his clothing and shoes determine the possibility of personal protection from the adverse influences of the external environment.
Self-insurance is the ability to independently perform special techniques to avoid falls, falls, coups, apply precautions, and get out of difficult situations with minimal losses.
Insurance is a measure of readiness to provide and assistance to a comrade who is overcoming a difficult section of the path or obstacle, in order to prevent a possible breakdown, fall, drowning, etc.
For self-insurance on moderately difficult hikes, you can use a regular or ski pole. The most common method of belaying is belaying with a rope. Simultaneous belay is carried out on simple sections of the route and with simple obstacles: tourists, while on the move, simultaneously insure their comrades.
It is important to remember that it is not the routes themselves that are dangerous, but incorrect actions when passing them.
Speleotourism
One of the most dangerous types of tourism is caving tourism - the exploration of caves, deep faults, abysses, and mines.
According to the degree of complexity and focus, caving tourism is divided into excursion and educational, sports, and scientific research. The easiest and safest are visits to caves specially equipped for excursion demonstrations, which are conducted for everyone, without any preparation, by qualified guides.
Athletes-speleologists prefer mostly unequipped, but to some extent explored caves. Such caves are relatively safe; they are visited mainly by groups of well-physically trained people under the guidance of professional instructors.
Truly extreme caving tourism is the search and exploration of new caves and cave complexes. It requires special equipment, training and special skills. As a rule, such trips are carried out by professional speleologists for research purposes.
Enormous risks, unforeseen dangers, and physical difficulties do not stop those who want to discover new underground palaces with bizarre creations of nature or monuments of archaeology, history and culture, as well as get amazing impressions and emotions.
The regions richest in caves, mines and abysses are the Caucasus and the Urals. The Arkhyz Cave, the Kungur Ice Karst, Kapova, the “Soaring Bird” on Mount Fisht and many others are known throughout the world.
For lovers of underground tourism, caving trips are organized. The relatively recently discovered (in 1995) cave complex “Sikiyaz-Taman” on the Ai River, consisting of 42 underground rooms, became widely known.
The largest caves on the territory of the Russian Federation are “Gorlo Barloga”, “Rostovskaya”, “Rucheynaya-Zabludshikh”, “Vorontsovskaya”, “Nazarovskaya” (Osennyaya, Primusnaya), “Oktyabrskaya” (TEP), “Shkolnaya”, “Geographical” , "May", "Bear", "Absolute" in Karachay-Cherkessia.
Mount Fisht in Adygea is rich in caves: in addition to the “Soaring Bird”, the “Cross-Tourist”, “Olga”, “Anglo-Russian” systems were also discovered here.
There are very large caves in Altai - “Kek-tash”, “Ecological”, “Altai”, in the Krasnoyarsk region - “Bolshaya Oreshnaya”, “Badzheiskaya”, “Partizanskaya”, “Zhenevskaya”, “Pandora’s Box”, in the Arkhangelsk region - "Constitutional", "Kumichevskaya", in the Urals - "Sumgan-Kutuk", "Kinderlinskaya", "Kizelovskaya" (Viasherskaya).
This is a list of only the largest or most famous caves; the total number of underground complexes discovered to date on Russian territory is impossible to calculate.
One of the types of caving tourism that has emerged relatively recently is the exploration of underground communications, which is carried out by diggers.
Possible risk factors along the route
When providing tourism services, an acceptable level of risk to the life and health of tourists must be ensured, both under normal conditions and in emergency situations.
Risk to human life and health in tourist and excursion services arises in the following conditions:
existence of risk factors;
manifestation of this source at a level dangerous to humans;
human exposure to hazards.
Harmful factors (risk factors) in tourism with an active mode of travel can be classified as follows:
- risk of injury;
- environmental impact;
- fire hazard;
- biological effects;
- psychophysiological loads;
- radiation hazard;
- specific risk factors.