Official nicknames of US states. States of the USA Which state is called the heart of America

51 US states

Today the United States of America unites 50 states. The concept of "Forty-ninth State" was used when Hawaii and Alaska joined the Union of America in 1959. There are already territorial applicants for American state status under the term "Fifty-first State".

Often, this term is used in cases where people believe that a certain state has undergone Americanization and is significantly influenced by US politics, economics and culture. This term is used in relation to countries such as Mexico, Iraq, Australia, Great Britain, Georgia, Israel.

Columbia region

The District of Columbia as a whole has about 600 thousand people. The main reason for the residents of this district to maintain state status is the opportunity to elect those deputies to the US Congress who are residents of Colombia, elected from states, but do not have the opportunity to represent their interests. At this stage in the development of relations between the district and Washington, only one person is delegated to the representative House, who has no voting rights at all. Such relations are specified in the US Constitution and operate in accordance with it. The issue of possible entry into US state status and the fate of the Colombian district has been repeatedly brought up for discussion in Congress. The last attempt regarding the district's fate in relation to the "51 US states" was a vote in the fall of 1993. The project was not accepted. The Colombian political party included one of the first items in its implementation program to include the issue of consideration at Congress of granting statehood to the district.

Puerto Rico

The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is a completely free state located in the Caribbean Sea and occupying the Antilles. It has only territorial dependence on the United States and is under its control in the status of an “unincorporated” territory. The connection to America is the presence of American citizenship, defense and currency. The scope of the American Constitution throughout Puerto Rico is limited, and self-government reigns here. The island has a population of about 3.5 million inhabitants. In Congress, the interests of Puerto Ricans are represented by one delegate who does not have the right to vote. Representatives of self-government participate in the primaries and cannot nominate their representatives to the elected College.

Since there is no legislative framework regarding territorial status, this issue is raised by the Progressive Party of the island and discussed in the United States. In 2000, Clinton ordered the creation of a special commission whose task was to determine the status of Puerto Rico. At the electoral level in the district, the majority voted in favor of changing the political structure and transition to the status of 51 US states. Now this decision must be confirmed by the American Congress.

New York city

The issue of granting statehood to New York City has been considered more than once. The city includes the five large boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, the Bronx and Staten Island, and is also a global financial center. It was for economic reasons that one of the members of the City Council presented to Congress a proposal to secede from the state of New York and assign the title of “51 states.”

Superior

For quite a long period, almost since the half of the 19th century, repeated attempts have been made to create the state of Superior, which would consist of the Upper Peninsula of Lake Michigan and a possible part of the state of Wisconsin. Like-minded people of this branch confidently say that the government of the state of the same name does not pay due attention to the problems of the residents of this territory.

Pacifica

Several options are possible for merging the Pacific Ocean territories into a single state. The unincorporated territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands may merge with Puerto Rico to form the "Prusvi" commonwealth. The Mariana Islands and American Samoa, together with Puerto Rico, could unite into “Greater Hawaii.” Also, the option of uniting Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, along with the sovereign states of Palau, the Marshall Islands and Micronesia, is possible. The last three are in the status of “free association” at this time.

The nicknames of the states of Alabama (Alabama - Heart of Dixie), Alaska (Alaska - Last Frontier), Arizona (Arizona - Grand Canyon State), Arkansas (Arkansas - Land of Opportunity), California (California - Golden State), Colorado (Colorado - Centennial State), Connecticut (Connecticut - Nutmeg State), Delaware (Delaware - First State), Florida (Florida - Sunshine State), Georgia (Georgia - Peach State), Hawaii (Hawaii - Aloha State).

Now, the VOA Special English program WORDS AND THEIR STORIES.

A nickname is a shortened form of a person's name. A nickname can also be a descriptive name for a person, place or thing.

A nickname is a shortened name of a person. A nickname can convey the characteristic features of a person, place, or thing.

America's fifty states have some of the most historically interesting nicknames.

Among the nicknames of the fifty American states there are historically very interesting ones.

Alabama is known as " Heart of Dixie" because it is in the very middle of a group of states in the Deep South. Dixie itself is a nickname for the American South. It started when Louisiana notes printed with the French word for "ten" on them. "Deece," or D-I-X, led to "Dixie".

State Alabama known as " Heart of Dixie", because it is located in the very center of the group of states of the "Deep South". The word Dixie itself is a "nickname" for the southern United States. It appeared when the state of Louisiana printed money with the French word for "ten". "Deece," or D-I-X, from where " Dixie."

Way up north Alaska is called the " Last Frontier"for understandable reasons. Near the Arctic Circle, it was the final part of the nation to be explored and settled.

State Alaska in the far north it is called " The final frontier"for obvious reasons. It is located near the Arctic Circle and was the last to be developed and settled among the states of the country.

Arizona is the " Grand Canyon State" because of the famous winding canyon carved by the Colorado River.

Arizona called " Grand Canyon State" due to the winding canyon carved by the Colorado River.

The southern state of Arkansas is the " Land of Opportunity". The state legislature chose this nickname. Arkansas is rich in natural resources and has become a favorite place for older people to retire.

Southern State Arkansas called " Land of (auspicious) opportunity". This nickname was chosen by the state legislature. Arkansas is rich in natural resources and has become a favorite place to live in retirement.

In a popular Spanish book, a fictional island called "California" was filled with gold. Sure enough, plenty of it was discovered in the real California, in eighteen forty-eight. This started a gold rush unlike any other in American history in the " Golden State".

In a popular Spanish book, "California" was the name of a fictional land rich in gold. And of course, in a real state California in 1848 rich deposits of gold were discovered. A gold rush unprecedented in American history began, and California received the nickname " Golden State".

You would think Colorado would be known as the "Rocky Mountain State". But its nickname is the " Centennial State". That is because it became a state in eighteen seventy-six, exactly one hundred years after the nation declared its independence.

You might think that the state's nickname Colorado will be "Rocky Mountain State". But his nickname" Centennial State"The fact is that Colorado became a state in 1876, the centenary year of the declaration of US independence.

Connecticut is called the " Nutmeg State" after a spice. Connecticut Yankees, as people in this northeast state are called, are known to be smart in business. So smart that it was said they could sell wooden, meaning false, nutmegs to strangers.

Connecticut called " Muscat State"by nutmeg. The inhabitants of this northeastern state are called "Connecticut Yankees," and they are known to be very business people. So businesslike that they were said to be able to sell wooden fake nutmegs to strangers.

Little Delaware is called the " First State"because it was the first state - the first to approve the new United States Constitution.

Small State Delaware called " First State", because he was the first to adopt (approve) the American Constitution.

The southern state of Florida likes to tell about its sunny days and fine beaches. So Florida is the " Sunshine State". Florida's neighbor to the north grows some of the sweetest fruit in America. So Georgia is the " Peach State".

Southern State Florida boasts sunny weather and excellent beaches. That's why his name is " Sunshine State"Florida's northern neighbor grows the sweetest fruit in America. That's why Georgia called " By the Peach State".

Hawaii, far out in the Pacific Ocean, is the " Aloha State". That is the friendly greeting that means both "hello" and "goodbye" in the native Hawaiian language. So, aloha for now. Next week we will tell you about the nicknames of more American states.

State Hawaii on the islands in the Pacific Ocean they call " Aloha State". Aloha is a friendly greeting that means both "hello" and "goodbye" in Hawaiian. So I'll leave it at that and say, "Aloha." Next week we'll continue our story about US state nicknames.

This VOA Special English program was written by Ted Landphair. I"m Barbara Klein.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………

Chapter 1. Brief description of the United States of America…….

Chapter 2. Toponymy of the names of American states…………………..

Chapter 3. History of the formation of states………………………………….. .

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………

List of references………………………………………………………..

Applications

Introduction

The USA is a country in North America. In the east it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, in the southeast by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and in the west by the waters of the Pacific Ocean.

The USA, as we know, consists of 50 states and the District of Columbia. 48 states are located compactly, two are separate. The capital is Washington. The area of ​​the USA is about 9363.2 thousand km 2. The population of the United States as of June 2010 was 309,469,203.

The USA is a democratic presidential republic. The current Constitution was adopted in 1787. Each state, in addition to the general Constitution, has its own. The highest official in the state is the governor, who is elected, as a rule, by direct elections for a term of 2 to 4 years. Under the current Constitution, which came into force on March 4, 1789 and was subsequently supplemented by 26 amendments, the head of state is the president (since January 2009 - Barack Obama).

Language is English (official), about 32 million US residents also use a second language, the most popular among them are Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Polish, Thai, Navajo, etc.

It is an undeniable fact that the culture and traditions of the United States incorporate the culture and traditions of all the peoples that make up its composition. This is reflected in the names of the 50 American states.

I was of great interest in which states were the first to appear as part of the country, whether each state has symbols and an official nickname, what is the etymology of the origin of state names. Etymology (Greek etymología, from étymon - the true meaning of a word, etymon and lógos - word, teaching), a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words, their original structure and semantic connections.

The purpose of this course work is the study of the origins of the names of American states.

In accordance with the goal, we can distinguish next tasks :

· providing a brief description of the United States of America;

· study of the toponymy of the names of American states;

· study of the history of state formation.

Chapter 1. Brief description of the United States of America

The first level of administrative division of the United States is the states.

States are divided into districts - second-level administrative units, less than a state and no less than a city. Since in most states districts are referred to as counties, a frequently encountered translation into Russian is “county”, by analogy with counties in England (which are also called counties). In total, according to the US Census Bureau, there are 3,141 counties in the country. The smallest number of counties is in the state of Delaware, the largest in the state of Texas. Each state determines the number of its administrative units. The powers of the county administration and the relationship with the municipal authorities of the settlements located within their territory vary greatly from state to state.

Fig.1 US states

The third level of administrative division is city municipalities and townships, which manage the local life of settlements. First, there is local city government, and these may have different names in different states. Townships are rural administrative units traditionally covering an area of ​​about 100 square kilometers (36 sq mi). They are only available in 20 states.

State (state - “state”, “country”) is the main state-territorial unit of the United States (50 states), which has a significant degree of sovereignty in internal affairs and cedes full powers to the federal authorities in relations with foreign states. The admission of a territory to the United States is preceded by a lengthy procedure: the territory’s mandatory adoption of its own Constitution, which must satisfy the US Congress, which decides on its admission to the United States. Has no right to secede from the United States.

The word “state” appeared during the colonial period (around 1648) - it was sometimes used to refer to individual colonies. It came into common use after the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

Idaho

Fig.2

Idaho (English) Idaho) is a US state in the Pacific Northwest in the group of Mountain States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Among other states, Idaho is the 14th largest in area and 39th in population. Idaho received statehood on July 3, 1890, the 43rd state. Idaho's nickname is the "Gem State" due to its abundance of natural resources. The state motto is “Esto perpetuum” (Latin: “Let it be so forever”).

Population – 1.5 million people, about 50% in cities. Ethnic composition: Germans - 18.9%, British - 18.1%, Irish - 10%, Americans - 8.4%, Norwegians - 3.6%, Swedes - 3.5%.

Iowa

Fig.3

Iowa (English) Iowa) - the 29th US state, in the Midwest in the group of states of the Northwestern Center. 26th in area and 30th in population (almost 3 million people). Ethnic composition: German Americans - 35.7%, Irish - 13.5%, British - 9.5%, "Americans" - 6.6%, Norwegians - 5.7%, Dutch - 4.6%, Swedes - 3.3% and Danes - 3.2%. The capital and largest city is Des Moines. Other major cities are Cedar Rapids, Davenport, Sioux City, Waterloo, Iowa City. The official nickname is the "Hawkeye State".

Alabama

Fig.4

Alabama is a state in the group of states in the Southeast Center. Area 133.9 thousand km. Population 4.4 million people. The capital is Montgomery. The largest cities are Birmingham, Mobile, Huntsville. It borders on the east with Georgia, on the north with Tennessee, on the south with Florida, and overlooks the Gulf of Mexico. Has state status since 1819 (22nd state). The official nickname is "Heart of the South". The University of Alabama is operated by the state government. Located in University, Alabama. Branches in the cities of Tuscaloosa, Birmingham (large medical center - about 9,000 employees), Huntsville. The university has long been a stronghold of the Old South. Founded in 1831. The largest natural history museum in the South is in Tuscaloosa. The library in Tuscaloosa has 1.2 million volumes. About 30,000 students. The university's nickname is "Bama".

Khudyakova Anastasia

Project Manager:

Melekhina Lyudmila Vitalievna

Institution:

MBOU "Kochevskaya secondary school", Perm region

My research paper on foreign (English) language on the topic " USA. State nicknames"is devoted to the study of the names of states, their nicknames and the reasons for these nicknames. In the work I will study the history of the emergence of 13 colonies and the formation of 50 states.

As part of my English language research on state nicknames in the United States, I plan to conduct a student survey to determine whether students know the names of the states and whether each state has nicknames.

In this research project on the nicknames of US states, I will collect material about the names of states, their nicknames and the reasons for such names.

As a result, my work will be used as additional material to help an English teacher for a more in-depth study of this topic.

Introduction
I. Main part
1. History of the formation of the United States of America
1.1. The appearance of 13 colonies
1.2. History of the formation of the 50 states
2. Toponymy of the names of American states
3. The emergence of state nicknames
Conclusion
Literature
Application

Introduction

The topic of my research paper in a foreign language (English) is devoted to the United States of America, namely the names of the states and their nicknames.

When talking about the United States or studying this country, we do not think about where their names came from, and, moreover, we know little about what each of the states is. We can easily recognize the US flag, talk about the meaning of the 50 stars on the flag of this country, and name the capital.

But besides the main name of each state, there are also many other names that are directly related to them. And these names appeared thanks to the people living in them from generation to generation, their life observations, their attitude towards their states, their natural phenomena and riches. These names include state nicknames.

When researching this topic, I came across more interesting facts related to each of the states. It turns out that each state has not only its own official name and nickname, but also an official flower-symbol, bird-symbol, tree-symbol, its own anthem and motto by which the state lives and works.

I decided to conduct a survey among 7th and 8th graders in order to test students' knowledge about the United States.

do they know how many states there are in the US, how do they know this information, do they know the names of the states, do they know that each state has different names and symbols.

Based on the results of the survey, it turned out that most children do not know how many states there are in the United States of America.

Students who know this information learned about it from various sources - on the Internet, there are 50 stars on the US flag, they heard from friends and from teachers. When asked to list the names of states, if they know them, 28% of students responded, but the number of states was named no more than four. Most students do not know that each state, in addition to its name, also has a nickname and a symbol. Children would like to know more about the USA.

I decided to display the results of the survey in diagrams that are in the appendix.

Thus, based on the results of the survey, I decided to find out in my research work on the English language how the names of the states and their nicknames appeared.

The purpose of our work: exploring state nicknames and the reasons for those nicknames.

In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following were decided tasks:

1. Conduct a survey of students to determine whether students know the names of states and the presence of nicknames for each state;

2. Collect material about the names of states, their nicknames and the reasons for these nicknames.

3. Collect additional material to help the teacher for a more in-depth study of this topic.

Research material served as nicknames for US states.

Relevance of the work is that the study of the presence and origin of state nicknames helped us deepen our knowledge of the United States of America.

Subject of study: origin of state nicknames.

Object of study: state nicknames.

Hypothesis: Each state has its own unofficial name - a nickname.

Practical significance Our work lies in the fact that this material can be used as additional material, both in English lessons and additional classes in regional studies.

In our work we used such research methods such as analysis, questioning, working with scientific literature and Internet sources.

I. Main part

1. History of the formation of the United States of America

In the 16th century, the territory of the United States was inhabited by Indian tribes, and during this period the first Europeans appeared here. The first English settlement in America arose in 1607 in Virginia and was named Jamestown. The trading post, founded by the crews of three English ships under the command of Captain Newport, also served as a guard post on the way of the Spanish advance deeper into the continent. In just a few years, Jamestown became a thriving community thanks to tobacco plantations established there in 1609. By 1620, the population of the village was about 1000 people.

European immigrants were drawn to America by the distant continent's rich natural resources and its distance from European religious dogma and political leanings. In 1606, the London and Plymouth Companies were formed in England and began exploring the northeast coast of America.

At the end of August 1619, a Dutch ship arrived in Virginia, bringing black Africans to America. In December 1620, the Mayflower arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts, carrying 120 people. This event is considered the beginning of the purposeful colonization of the continent by the British.

By the 18th century, Europeans had colonized the entire North American continent, resulting in three zones of influence. The British zone appeared in areas of the Atlantic coast, the French zone appeared in Louisiana and the Great Lakes region, and the Spanish zone arose on the Pacific coast, in Texas and Florida.

1.1. The appearance of 13 colonies

Over the course of 75 years after the first English colony of Virginia appeared in 1607, 12 more colonies arose: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.

Beginning in the mid-17th century, Great Britain sought to establish complete control over the economic transactions of the American colonies, implementing a scheme in which all manufactured goods (from metal buttons to fishing boats) were imported by the colonies from the mother country in exchange for raw materials and agricultural goods. Under this scheme, English entrepreneurs, as well as the British government, were extremely uninterested in the development of industry in the colonies, as well as in the trade of the colonies with anyone other than the mother country.

Meanwhile, American industry (mainly in the northern colonies) achieved significant success. American industrialists especially succeeded in building ships, which made it possible to quickly establish trade with the West Indies and thereby find a market for domestic manufacturing.

The English Parliament considered these successes so threatening that in 1750 they passed a law prohibiting the construction of rolling mills and iron-cutting workshops in the colonies. Foreign trade of the colonies was also subject to oppression.

In 1763, shipping laws were passed, according to which goods were allowed to be imported and exported from the American colonies only on British ships. In addition, all goods destined for the colonies had to be loaded in Great Britain, regardless of where they came from. Thus, the metropolis tried to bring all foreign trade of the colonies under its control. And this does not count the many duties and taxes on goods that the colonists personally brought home.

In 1776, the British colonies in North America signed the Declaration of Independence and officially declared non-recognition of British rule. The result of these steps was the creation of the United States of America and the American War of Independence.

1.2. History of the formation of the 50 states

State is the main state-territorial unit of the United States. There have been 50 of them since 1959. Each of them has its own flag and motto. Word " state"(state) appeared during the colonial period (around 1648). This word was sometimes used to describe individual colonies. It began to be used everywhere after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The state has its own constitution, legislative, executive and judicial powers.

In 1774, 13 English colonies began military operations in the struggle for independence and achieved their goal July 4, 1776– the date of formation of the new sovereign state of the United States of America.
September 17, 1787 A Constitution was adopted with the main principles of the democratic formation of the country. The approved Constitution contained the rights of “free” states with powerful government powers.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of the United States increased due to the acquisition from the French Louisiana, from the Spaniards Florida and conquest of colonies of other lands, for example, California. The seizure of local states was accompanied by either the forced removal of Indian people to reservations or the complete destruction of the population. They appeared gradually and in different ways. Business development required more and more land.

Some states that were former colonies joined the Union (USA) directly.
So, in 1791 it became a state Vermont(recaptured from the French, in 1777 declared the creation of an independent republic called New Connecticut).

Joins in 1792 Kentucky(seceded from Virginia).
In 1796 – Tennessee(the first state formed in the new Territory).
In 1817 - Mississippi.
In 1820 – Maine.
In 1845 – Florida(conquered at one time from the Spaniards).
In 1863 – West Virginia(the freedom-loving western edge of Virginia).
In 1790, the federal district was formed Colombia(geographically coinciding with the city of Washington). This district was immediately planned as the seat of the US government.
In 1787, the Northwest Territory was organized. The act of its creation was adopted back in 1785.
Later, states were formed in this territory: Ohio (1803), Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), Michigan (1837), Wisconsin(1848) and part Minnesota (1858).

Hawaii- an island state in the Pacific Ocean. It remained an independent kingdom for a long time. But American missionaries and businessmen penetrated its territory. Many missionaries became entrepreneurs and acquired land. Trade and agriculture developed. The Americans invested a lot of money in the development of the region and their business.

At some point, in defense of its territorial interests, the United States “helped” Hawaii turn into a republic. This happened in 1894, on July 4th. Quite symbolic. In 1897, the United States ratified a treaty with Hawaii on the annexation of the latter. In 1959, Hawaii becomes the 50th state of the United States.

Thus, the territory of the United States of America was formed from 1787 - with the acquisition of state status by the states of Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and until 1959 - with the accession of the 50th state - Hawaii.

2. Toponymy of state names

Toponymy– a science that studies geographical names, their origin, semantic meaning, development, current state, spelling and pronunciation.

Word state(state) appeared in the colonial period (around 1648), when it was sometimes called individual colonies, began to be used everywhere after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and is currently included in the name of 46 states.

Interestingly, although California is called a state, its flag bears the inscription “Republic of California.” The 50 states of the United States have borrowed their names from many languages. The names of half of them came from North American Indian languages. The remaining states received names from European languages: Latin, English and French.

The names of 26 states are of Indian origin (of which at least one is Idaho– probably invented), name Alaska came from the Eskimo language, Hawaii- from the Hawaiian language, eleven states have names of English origin, six have Spanish, three have French, name Rhode Island taken from the Dutch language and, finally, the name of one state - Washington– has roots in US history.

Of the 50 states, 11 were named after individual historical figures. There are also several possible origins for 6 names (Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Oregon and Rhode Island).

The history of the United States, beginning with the territorial division into 13 colonies, and currently having 50 states, is reflected in the flag of the United States of America. The 13 red and white stripes symbolize the first US colonies, and the 50 stars represent the number of US states today.

3. The emergence of state nicknames

After studying the official names of the states, I became interested in how the states got their nicknames, which later acquired official status.

Official nickname A descriptive name for a US state, used as an addition to the main name. The nickname, officially approved by the state legislature, usually reflects some feature of the history or geography of the state, and is also often advertising in nature. The tradition of assigning nicknames dates back to the formation of the first states.

While researching this topic, I came across more interesting facts related to each of the states. It turns out that each state has not only its own official name and nickname, but also an official flower-symbol, bird-symbol, tree-symbol, its own anthem and motto by which the state lives and works.

Many states get their nicknames from their state symbols. And these names appeared, of course, thanks to the people living in them from generation to generation, their life observations, their attitude towards their states, their natural phenomena and riches.

Thus, I learned that all state nicknames can be divided into several groups, based on the reasons for their names. These reasons were the geographical location of the state, the leading agriculture in the state, the production of certain products, plants and animals proclaimed as symbols of the state, extracted minerals, natural attractions and beauty, historical events and personalities that influenced the life and development of the state.

Due to Alaska's geographic location, the state was given the nickname " The final frontier" It is located near the Arctic Circle and was the last of the country's states to be developed and settled.

The state of Georgia was nicknamed " Peach State”, as it is one of the leading peach producers in the country. For the same reason, Kansas's leading agriculture earned it the nickname " Sunflower State", due to large sunflower crops.

North Carolina was named " By the tar staff"("Tar Heel State") due to the production of turpentine from birch tar. The workers made turpentine from tar and the black sticky resin stuck to the heels of their feet.

Some states are nicknamed because of their state symbols. So, Oregon is called " Beaver State", an image of a beaver can be seen on one side of the Oregon flag, and on the reverse side is the state seal.

Louisiana - " Pelican State", based on the state's most common bird, the brown pelican.

The US territory is rich in natural resources, due to which, due to the granite mining in New Hampshire, it was nicknamed “ Granite State", and California is called " Golden State" due to the discovery of gold deposits that sparked the country's first Gold Rush.

The country is no less rich in natural beauty, which also influenced the nicknames. The state of Vermont is " Green Mountain State", the name speaks for itself, and Michigan is called " Great Lake State", as the state features the longest stretch of fresh water coastline and is bordered by four of the five Great Lakes.

Historical events and political figures have also influenced state nicknames. So, Illinois was called " Land of Lincoln"in honor of Abraham Lincoln, who led the country in the Civil War in the 1860s.

The names of states also reflect the character traits of its inhabitants. Utah is called " Beehive State", and this symbolizes the hard work of the people of the state, and the beehive is depicted in the center of the coat of arms.

I compiled all the information that I received while studying this topic into tables that are in the appendix.

Conclusion

Writing this research paper was challenging but very fun. I read a lot of useful information that will be useful to me in my studies.

I have learned that...
1)... states, in addition to the official name, also have a nickname, symbols - a tree, a flower and a bird, a state motto and an anthem;

2)... that states received their name and nicknames due to many reasons - the location of the state, natural resources, production developed in a particular state, professions and character of people, animals common in the state and others;

3)... that both the names of the states and their nicknames are written on the license plates of cars registered in those states.

Thus, intending to study only the nicknames of the states, I came across information that became useful to me and helped me develop the chosen topic, so I studied not only the nicknames of the states, but also more detailed information, without which the study of my topic would not have been possible.

When filling out the tables, I came across some unfamiliar words, the meaning of which was unclear to me. I looked up the meaning of these words in the explanatory dictionary and also included them in the appendix.

Literature

1) Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language - M., 2005.
2) ABBYY Lingvo – electronic dictionary. Release: 14.0.0.442. Article: 6091, 2008.

Application

Diagrams

47 people took part in the survey; these were students in grades 7–8.

Dictionary

Dominion (English dominion, from Latin Dominium - possession)	a virtually independent state within the British Empire (now within the British Commonwealth), recognizing the head of state of the British monarch, represented in the dominion by the governor-general
Quakers (English Quakers, literally “trembling”)	official self-name Religious Society of Friends (English: Religious Society of Friends) is originally a Protestant Christian movement that arose during the years of the revolution (mid-17th century) in England and Wales. The date of origin of Quakerism is usually considered to be 1652 (sometimes 1648, when George Fox first preached)
William Penn	key figure in the early history of the English colonies in America. Penn is revered in the United States as one of the founding fathers of the state and its first capital, Philadelphia (“the city of brotherly love”). Being a Quaker-pacifist and a preacher of religious tolerance, he founded a colony called Pennsylvania (Penn's Forest Country (lat.)) as a “refuge for free-thinking Europeans.” He was one of the first defenders of democracy and religious freedom. Particularly noteworthy is his participation in drawing up a peace treaty with the indigenous inhabitants of America - the Lenape tribe, which historically inhabited the territory of Pennsylvania.

What does your name mean? How did we even get to this point? John, Robert, Michael and William aren't too far behind. Mary's birth count is 3,455,228, followed by Patricia, Jennifer, Elizabeth and Linda. Both James and Mary are New Testament names that continue to hold leadership. The United States Census Bureau tells us that the most common surname is Smith, and it has been around for decades. Next come Johnson, Williams, Brown and Jones. Although all of these surnames look like they are from the UK, they also combine other nationalities. Speaking of the UK, does it have a similar trend as its former colony? The answer is yes. According to a 2017 intelligence report, the most common name for a man in the UK over the last century is William, followed by George, Thomas, James and Charles. The name Mohamed is also very common these days and is used in many different ways. According to the same report, the two most popular female names in the last century were Elizabeth and Sarah. Although there are regular participants in the list of popular names, there are still some changes. The most popular names for newborns in 2016 are James, Elijah, Jaden, Eliot, as well as female names - Astrid, Thea, Sadie and Riley. In the UK, the most common surname is Smith, followed by Jones, Williams, Taylor and Davis. Another very popular name is Lee. The most popular first and last name in China. China has the largest population in the world with 1.379 billion people. Numerous sources give different results on names in China. For boys, popular names include Wei, Chen, Liu and Li. For girls these are Mei, Xueying, Li, Meng and Fang. The most common surnames in China are Wang, Li, Zhang and Liu. The difference with Western countries, the way we say English names is that the surname comes first in China, so you won't be called Wei Zhang, you'll be called Zhang Wei. And yes, many people have the same first and last name, such as many famous Li Li. China, as you probably know, has the largest population in the world - 1.379 billion. Numerous sources give different results on common names in China, but as given, the first names for boys that appear in many lists are Wei, Chen, Liu and Li. For girls, the names that appear are Mei, Xueying, Li, Meng and Fang. The most common surnames in China are Wang, Li, Zhang and Liu. One difference is the order in which we pronounce English first and last names - the last name comes first in China, so you won't be called Wei Zhang, you'll be called Zhang Wei. And yes, many people have the same first and last name, for example many known as Li Li. In the second most populous country on Earth, India, different sources provide different data on name statistics. It seems that in terms of boy names, the most popular boy name in India right now is Aarav. Here we must make the allowance that this name is the most popular name for newborns. There appear to be no comprehensive historical statistics on Indian names. Aarav means peace and wisdom. The following names are Reyansh, Mohamed (all spellings), Viaan, Ayaan and Atharv. The most popular female names are Aadhya, Ananya, Shanaya, Fatima and Shri. When it comes to Indian surnames, they usually denote region, religion, occupation or even caste. Caste is a system that denotes a kind of birthright. The full name of the singer Björk is Björk Guðmundsdóttir. Other Fennoscandic countries had this system in the past, but most of them have moved away from it. According to a report in Iceland, the most common names in 2014 were Aron for boys and Katrin for girls. Does this mean we can expect a lot of Aronsons and Katrindottirs in the future? Thailand is another country with an unusual naming system. Firstly, there names are quite formal and are usually used only for administrative purposes. The nickname given at birth will be used almost all the time. It may depend on what the baby looks like. It can also refer to what the father or mother likes, which is why children are often given English names such as Art, Beer, Cake and Golf. The child's nickname may also come from an animal, such as Sueu (tiger) or Moo (pig). To make things even more confusing, Thais may change their formal name to get rid of a bad spirit or bad luck.