Signs on the river for small size people. Training in driving jet skis and small boats, general information, pilotage. Ice effort signs for ships
Coastal navigational marks depending on their purpose, they are divided into two groups: designations of the position of the navigation channel and information .
To shore signs indicating the position of the navigation channel These include gate, pass, way, spring, “Landmark” signs, bridge span signs and “Tracking light”.
Coastal markers consist of a support pillar and a shield of a certain shape and color mounted on it. For these signs, signal boards of five types are used: rectangular, square, trapezoidal, round and combined. The shape of the shield depends on the purpose of the coastal mark.
The dimensions of signal boards, depending on the range of the sign, are regulated by the State Standard. The height of shore signs is determined by a special calculation taking into account the relief of the shoreline.
On inland waterways, axial (linear), slot and edge gates are used.
Axial alignment(Fig. 6.1) consists of two signs - front and rear, identical in shape, located along the axis of the navigation channel.
Rice. 6.1. Layout of axial sections on the river section:
1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – sections on a light background; 3 – sections on a dark background
On axial alignment signs, four types of signal boards are used: square (Fig. 6.2, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.2, b), trapezoidal (Fig. 6.2, c) and combined (Fig. 6.2, d - the top board is square, located vertically, and the lower one is trapezoidal, located obliquely to the vertical).
Rice. 6.2. Axial alignments for light (left) and dark (right) terrain backgrounds
(the part of the sign area painted red is conventionally indicated by shading)
The color of signal boards is chosen depending on the background of the surrounding area. If the background is light, the shields are painted red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle, and if the background is dark - white with a black vertical stripe, and if they are located against the sky - then black.
At night, there is a red, white or yellow signal light on the axial direction signs of the right bank, and green, white or yellow on the left bank signs. In this case, the character (mode) of the light of the front sign is constant, and that of the rear sign is flashing or constant.
IN
Rice. 6.3. Orientation along the axial alignment: a – the vessel is in the target zone; b – the vessel left the target zone; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – rear target sign; 3 – front target sign; 4 – shore; 5 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 6 – sighting curves limiting the target zone; 7 – alignment axis; 8 – imaginary vertical passing through the target lights; 9 – rear sign light; 10 – front sign light
Axial alignment serves to indicate the axis of the ship's passage. The principle of its operation is as follows (Fig. 6.3). Two guidance marks or lights - front and rear, located on the shore at some distance from each other, form a guidance line, the extension of which towards the water space must coincide with the position of the axis of the navigation channel. A sign that a vessel is on the leading line will be the location of the front and rear marks or lights on the same vertical (Fig. 6.3, a). Deviation of the relative position of the front and rear signs or lights from the vertical indicates that the vessel is deviating away from the axis of the navigation channel and leaving the channel area (Fig. 6.3, b). When the vessel leaves the guidance zone, the navigator must change course to return to this zone.
Slotted gate consists of three signs - two forward and one rear and serves to indicate the position of the navigation channel and its edges (Fig. 6.4).
The two front signs are installed on a line perpendicular to the axis of the target and are located at the same distance from it. The rear sign is installed on the axis of the alignment, which must coincide with the axis of the navigation channel.
Signal boards for slotted gate signs are of one type - rectangular in shape. They are painted depending on the background of the surrounding area: on a light background - red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle (Fig. 6.4, a), on a dark background - white with a black vertical stripe (Fig. 6.4, b).
White or yellow signal lights are used on slotted signs, constant lights are used on front signs, and flashing lights are used on rear signs. If there are extraneous lights in the area where the slotted section is located, red signal lights are used on signs installed on the right bank; green lights are used on the left bank. In this case, the front lights are constant, and the rear lights are flashing.
Rice. 6.4. Layout of the slotted section on the section of the waterway: 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – alignment axis; 3 – alignment signs; a – slotted door for a light background; b – slotted gate for a dark background
The principle of operation of the slot gate is shown in Fig. 6.5. When the vessel moves along the axis of the navigation channel (Fig. 6.5, a), the rear sign (light) is visible exactly in the middle of the distance between the front signs (lights). As the vessel deviates from the axis of the navigation channel, the symmetry of the location of the signs is disrupted (Fig. 6.5, b), while the clearance between the rear and front signs of the edge to which the ship is approaching is reduced.If the ship goes beyond the boundary of the target zone (Fig. 6.5, c), the gap between the shields of the rear and one of the front signs disappears.
The navigator must not allow the vessel to leave the specified zone, since this does not ensure traffic safety.
Slotted sections are used mainly in reservoirs and estuaries of large rivers.
Rice. 6.5. Orientation along the slot opening:
a – vessel on the alignment axis; b – the vessel deviated from the alignment axis; in - the ship leftfrom the target area; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 3 – alignment axis; 4 – rear sign; 5 – front sign; 6 – sighting curves, forming the target zone
Edge flap intended to indicate one edge of the navigation channel. The target consists of two characters - the front one and the higher back one. The alignment axis intersects the vertical edge of the rear sign facing the fenced edge of the navigation channel. The front sign is slightly shifted from this axis towards the same edge. To indicate both edges of the navigation channel, two edge alignments are installed - left and right (Fig. 6.6).The signal board of the front edge sign has a rectangular shape, and the rear one has the shape of a rectangular trapezoid. Signs are painted white on a dark background, and red on a light background. Lights - green on the left edge, front constant, rear double-flashing; on the right edge there are red ones, the front is constant, the rear is double-flashing.
P
Rice. 6.6. Edge section: 1 – flow direction; 2 – left edge of the navigation channel; 3 – right edgenavigation; 4 – leading signs to indicate two edges of the navigation channel
Rice. 6.7. Types of signal boards for pass signs:
a – square; b – rectangular; c – combined
Passage signs(Fig. 6.7) are coastal navigation signs to indicate the direction of a ship's passage moving (transferring) from one shore to another, as well as to indicate the beginning and end of a section with a deep (navigable) shore.A pass sign consists of a support pillar and a signal board of a certain shape mounted on it. There are three types of shields for pass signs: square (Fig. 6.7, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.7, b) and combined (Fig. 6.7, c). Signs located on a light background of the area are painted red, and on a dark background – white.
Rice. 6.8. Running signs
Running signs(Fig. 6.8) are shore signs that indicate that the shipping channel is located along the deep shore on which they are installed. They consist of a pillar - a support and a signal board - a rhombus (Fig. 6.8, a), or a shield in the form of an elongated rhombus with sharp corners cut off (Fig. 6.8, b). To ensure visibility from all directions, shields are usually made three-dimensional. This is achieved through a cross-shaped connection of two flat shields (diamonds) or by connecting two shields (elongated rhombuses) in plan at an angle of 90.The color of the shield and the pillar of the navigation sign, in contrast to the leading and pass signs, depends on the name of the bank on which it is installed. On the right bank the color is red, on the left bank it is white. To create a contrast with the background of the area, the supports of the running signs are painted with alternating stripes of red and white on the right bank and white and black on the left bank.
Rice. 6.9. Spring signs
The traffic signs on the right bank have red flashing lights, and the signs on the left bank have green flashing lights.Spring signs(Fig. 6.9) are installed to indicate banks flooded during high water, islands, capes protruding into the riverbed, etc. They do not directly indicate the axis or edge of the channel and serve to determine the position of the channel together with other signs.
The spring sign is a signal figure mounted on a support pillar, consisting of two cross-shaped shields, shaped like a circle on the right bank (Fig. 6.9, a) and a trapezoid on the left bank (Fig. 6.9, b). The signal figure can also be made of three planes intersecting at an angle of 120 in plan.
The shields of spring signs on the right bank are painted red, and on the left – white. The sign supports are painted the same color as the shields.
At night, the signs on the right bank have permanent red lights, and the signs on the left bank have permanent green lights.
Sign« Reference point"(Fig. 6.10) is used on rivers and reservoirs to designate characteristic banks, capes, islands and other noticeable places on the coastline. They do not directly indicate the position of the navigation channel, but allow navigators to determine it indirectly (by the position of the vessel relative to the Landmark sign).
By design, signs are made in the form of pillars with two shields (Fig. 6.10, a) and three or tetrahedral prisms and pyramids (Fig. 6.10, b). Two types of signal boards are used: rectangular and trapezoidal.
Rice. 6.10. Landmark signs:
a – in the form of single pillars with signal boards;
b – in the form of three and tetrahedral prisms and pyramids
Signboards installed on the right bank are painted with five alternating horizontal stripes of red and white, and on the left bank - black and white, with the top stripe being red or black, respectively.
The "Landmark" signs on the right bank have red, white or yellow double-flash lights, and the signs on the left bank have green, white or yellow double-flash lights.
"Lighting Light" Signs(Fig. 6.11, a) serve to mark the banks of the shipping canal at night. The shape of signs carrying directional lights is not regulated. Structurally, the sign is a support, at the top of which there is a lantern with two lenses in the side walls. An electric lamp is placed in the lantern. Through the lenses of the side walls, signal lights shine along the bank of the canal. On the right bank there are red constant or flashing lights, on the left bank there are green constant or flashing lights.
Identification marks(Fig. 6.11, b) serve to mark the entrance to a canal, port, outport, shelter from the side of a lake or reservoir.
Rice. 6.11. Sign "Tracking light" (a) and identification marks (b)
Signs are constructed in the form of towers of various architectures and installed on the heads of dams, piers and breakwaters. They are painted in a color that provides the necessary contrast with the surrounding background of the area.At the tops of the identification signs, permanent or flashing all-round signal lights are installed: green on the left bank signs and red on the right bank signs.
On the sides of the markings facing the shipping channel, a permanent light of the same color as on their tops may be installed.
Each lighthouse has its own distinctive shape, color and fire characteristics. Descriptions of lighthouses and their geographical coordinates are given in the corresponding directions and on maps.
Rice. 6.13. Navigation sign
Luminous marine navigation sign(luminous sign) - a means of navigation equipment for the seas and large lakes, which is a day and night landmark of a special construction, having a light-optical device with a white light visibility range of up to 10 miles. This is a structure of the same type as the lighthouse, but of lighter construction (Fig. 6.13). The shape of navigational signs can be different; they are constructed from stone, brick, metal, wood, etc. The sign may have distinctive shields and top figures. Radar reflectors are often installed on them.Non-illuminated navigation sign- a structure of the same type as a luminous sign, but without a light-optical apparatus.
Marine navigation light (light)- a means of navigation equipment for seas and large lakes, which is a night landmark and is a light-optical device installed on natural objects or non-special constructions (building, rock, pillar, etc.).
Navigation marks and lights of Russian inland waterwaysGeneral provisions
1. Navigation marks and lights are intended to create safe conditions for navigation of ships and ensure the safety of artificial structures on inland waterways
2. Navigation lights on structures must operate from sunset to sunrise
3. With a lateral system, the types, main parameters and dimensions, color and type of coloring of navigation signs, as well as the nature, color and relative position of signal lights are determined in the prescribed manner
4. Under the cardinal system, the color and type of painting of floating signs, their top figures and the nature of the lights are determined by the current fencing system for the GDP categories “M” and “O”
Composition and purpose of navigation signs
1. Navigation marks are divided into coastal and floating. In turn, depending on the silhouette of the figure, they can be: rectangular, triangular, round, trapezoidal, combined, linear.
2. Coastal signs include fencing signs (markers) of the navigation channel and information signs
Coastal signs for indicating the position of a shipping lane include crossing crossings, navigation signs, spring "landmark" signs, indicators of the height of the underbridge clearance and the edges of the shipping lane in the navigable spans of bridges, wayfinding lights of shipping canals, as well as identification signs and beacons. Using these signs, the navigator determines the direction of the navigation.
3. Floating signs include buoys, buoys, and milestones
4. Floating navigational signs are divided into edge, rotary, stall, dividing, axial, rotary-axial and danger signs
5. On rivers, the names of the right and left edges (sides) of the navigation channel are taken in the direction of water flow
On transit passages of reservoirs, the names of the parties are taken in the direction from the backwater wedging zone to the dam
On the approaches to ports, piers, shelters, as well as on the ship channels of tributaries flowing into the reservoir, the names of the right and left edges of the ship channel are taken in the direction of the transit ship channel
On canals and lakes, the names of the parties on ship passages are adopted conditionally when designing the transport development of these waterways.
Depending on the requirements for the operation of inland waterways, signs are either equipped with navigation lights or displayed without lights. Signs equipped with lights are designed to support 24-hour vessel traffic, as are reflective signs that are visible at night when using ship floodlights.
Navigation lights are characterized by the color and character of the light - alternating flashes (flashing) and pauses (darkening).
Character of navigation lights
1. Constant
2.
Flashing - periodically repeating flashes
3
. Double flash - periodically repeating groups of two flashes
4.
Frequently flashing - continuously repeating frequent flashes
5.
Group-frequently flashing - periodically repeating groups
6.
Pulsating - continuously repeating light pulses
7.
Intermittent-pulsating - periodically repeating groups
8.
Eclipsed - periodically repeating glimpses and short-term eclipses
Floating navigational marks and lights to mark the boundaries of the shipping channel.
Floating navigational signs serve to fence off dangers and indicate the edges and axis of the navigation channel. These signs, depending on specific conditions, are placed on water bodies according to a certain system: lateral or cardinal.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are usually used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
Buoys.
They are metal floats of conical or cylindrical shape, installed in areas with strong waves. The buoys are numbered.
The buoy is held in place by an anchor device. The length of the anchor chain is 2 - 3 times greater than the depth at the installation site.
The most important qualities of a buoy are its buoyancy and stability.
The buoy is equipped with a signal light, which is powered by electric batteries located in a special case inside the housing.
Beacons.
They consist of a float part (raft) and a signal figure (superstructure) mounted on it of a trapezoidal, round or rectangular shape.
Milestones.
They are a pole attached by a cable to an anchor weight. They are used as daytime floating signs on rivers with unlit navigation conditions. Milestones can be placed in addition to buoys and buoys to duplicate them. The height of the above-water part of river markers is 1 - 2 m, lake ones - should be equal to the above-water height of the buoys placed in this area.
Navigation floating signs have their own distinctive features in terms of coloring, color and character of the light, depending on their purpose and placement system.
Edge to mark the edges of the ship's passage
1.
Right side red light, steady or flashing
When moving downstream along a shipping channel, the sign is left on the right, when moving upstream, on the left.
2.
Left side green, yellow or white light, steady or flashing
When moving downstream along a shipping channel, the sign remains on the left, when moving upstream, on the right.
3. Separating. To indicate the division of a shipping channel.
or
or
Indicates to the skipper the need to select a navigation course corresponding to the direction of movement of the vessel.
4.Danger signs, protecting dangerous places and navigation obstacles
right bank, light - red, flashing or double flashing,
left bank, light - green, flashing or double flashing
5.Signal signs, indicating the turn of the ship's passage.
right bank, fire - red, flashing or frequently flashing,
left bank, light - white, yellow or green, flashing or frequently flashing
6.Signal signs, indicating the axis of the navigation channel and at the same time its edge to separate oncoming traffic flows
light - white or yellow double flashing
7.Signal signs, rotary-axial to indicate the rotation of the axis of the ship's pole - two black (or white) and three red horizontal stripes of equal width. progress The light is white or yellow, group-frequently flashing.
8. Dumping sign. Indicates a stall current that does not coincide with the direction of the ship's passage. It is installed on the side opposite the dump, upstream.
a) on the right edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the right edge of the channel.
b) on the left edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the left edge of the channel
Coastal navigational signs indicating the position of a navigation channel
1.
The color of the shields of coastal direction and pass signs is chosen to create a contrast with the background of the area (light or dark) and does not depend on the coast (right or left). The color of the lights depends on the bank (right or left)
2. Axial alignment to indicate the axis of the navigation, consists of two signs, forward and backward. Sometimes this alignment is called linear. The front sign is located below the rear sign.
According to their shape, axial alignment signs can be of three types: rectangular (square) panels; trapezoidal panels; combined (lower shield is trapezoidal, upper shield is square).
Lights on the right bank are red or white on the left bank - green or white on the front signs - constant on the rear - flashing
When following the axis of the navigation channel, the navigator observes combined guide strips of signs (during the day) and lights (at night), located on the same vertical. If the vessel deviates from its axis, the signs shift relative to each other or the conventional line connecting the lights tilts.
On a dark background On a light background
3. Slotted gate to indicate the position of the channel and its edges consists of three signs, two forward and one rear
The lights on the right and left banks are yellow, the front signs are permanent, and the rear signs are flashing.
If the navigator observes the rear shield (light) between the front ones, then the ship is on the channel; if the strip of one of the front shields coincides with the strip of the rear shield, then this means that the ship has reached the edge of the channel.
On a dark background On a light background
4. Edge flap to indicate the exact position of the channel and its edges
The lights are permanent or double-flashing on the right edge, red, on the left, green.
In fact, this alignment can be considered as two combined axial alignments, one of which shows the left edge of the shipping channel, and the other - the right.
As long as the navigator observes during the day the clearance between the vertical edges of the shields of the front and rear signs (at night, the conventional line connecting the lights of these signs is inclined towards the shipping lane), the vessel is in the directional zone.
Two positions of the vessel when orienting along the edge alignment:
a) the vessel is on the left edge of the channel, because the vertical edges of the front and rear signs are combined;
b) the ship is on the axis of the navigation channel.
On a dark background
On a light background
5. Passage sign serves to designate a ship's passage and is installed in places where this passage changes direction from one shore to another. Unlike cross-country crossings, pass signs are placed one at a time.
The shape of pass signs can be:
- a pillar with two square shields attached to its top, indicating two directions of the shipping lane;
- rectangular vertical boards the full height of the sign, installed so that their front sides indicate the directions of the navigation;
- the third type of pass sign is a structure of inclined trapezoidal shields tapering upward with square shields at their tops.
The number of pass signs displayed on a section of the river depends on the tortuosity of the navigation channel. At passes there are usually two signs posted - a sign on the left and right banks. Moreover, if these signs are connected by a conventional straight line, then it will coincide with the axis of the navigation channel.
The lights are constant or flashing, on the right bank they are red or white, on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks
On a dark background
On a light background
6.Spring sign serves to indicate flooded shores and is displayed on flooded islands, ravines, capes to prevent the ship from running aground.
On the left bank, the sign is a structure made of a pillar, on top of which a white trapezoidal shield is fixed. On the right bank there is a round red shield of the spring sign.
The lights are constant, red on the right bank, green on the left
7. Running sign to designate a ship's passage located near the shore.
The sign consists of a pillar and a diamond-shaped shield attached to its top. To increase the visibility range, the shield can be set to the full height of the sign.
Most often this sign is located on clean (running) ravines.
The navigation signs on the left bank are equipped with green flashing lights of all-round visibility, and on the right bank the same red lights.
On the right bank On the left bank
8. Landmark sign Used to designate characteristic noticeable places (cape, island, etc.) on rivers, reservoirs and lakes.
The sign has a rectangular or trapezoidal shape. The shields (sloping) on the left bank are painted with alternating stripes of horizontal black and white, and on the right bank - red and white.
Double flashing lights on the right bank are red or white, on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks
On the right bank On the left bank
| On the right bank |
On the left coast |
|
Or |
Or |
9. Sign "Lighting light" It is installed on the slopes of the banks of shipping canals and serves to orient navigators.
Track lights are placed on both sides of the canal in pairs (opposite each other), usually every 250 m. The sign, as a rule, is a one-meter arbitrary structure painted with ball paint.
At night, at the top of the sign, a green constant light is lit on the left bank, and a red constant light is lit on the right bank. These lights are directed along the canal. In addition, the sign may have a lower white light, which is covered by a canopy on top and illuminates the slope of the canal and the water's edge.
10. Signaling of navigable bridge spans
Signs and lights on bridges.
These signs indicate the spans for the passage of ships, rafters and small watercraft under the bridges from above and below, as well as the direction of the axis of the ship's passage and the height of the under-bridge clearances. A visual appearance and characteristics of signs and lights displayed on bridges is presented
Navigable spans of bridges are indicated by the following signs and lights located on the trusses in the middle of these spans:
a) for ships coming from below - a square shield, at night - two constant red leading lights, visible from the running side of the span;
b) for ships coming from above - a diamond-shaped shield, at night - two constant red leading lights, visible from the running side of the span;
c) for raft trains -
round shield, at night - two constant green directional lights;
d) for small vessels - a triangular shield, with the top down, lights are not displayed at night. On a dark background, the signs are painted white, on a light background - red.
Under-bridge height indicators are square panels (green on a light background or white on a dark background), located vertically one above the other on bridge supports. At night, a green, constant fire burns in the center of each shield.
Composition and distinctive features of floating signs with a cardinal placement system
1. Cardinal signs are designed to fence off navigational dangers. They are placed around the danger according to the principle of fencing it relative to the cardinal directions (along the four main directions of the compass). In this case, the horizon around the danger fences is conventionally divided into four sectors: northern, eastern, southern and western
Cardinal signs are displayed in one, several or all sectors at the same time to indicate the side from which the protected danger should be avoided.
Signs indicating specific hazardous areas
The buoy is black with a wide red horizontal stripe, the light is white and double flashing. A milestone with a topmark: two black balls, one above the other. The sign is placed above the danger.
It is prohibited to use lighting devices, searchlights, as well as billboards, flags and other objects if they can be mistaken for light signaling, lights and signals referred to in these Rules or if they can impair visibility or make it difficult to recognize navigation lights and signals.
Lighthouses
serve to guide navigators when navigating at some estuary sections of large rivers, reservoirs, lakes, as well as the entrance to the canal.
They are towers of various designs and architectures (Fig. 168).
At the top of the lighthouse there is equipment for supplying light signals with the established characteristics and color of the fire. Some beacons are equipped with fog sound alarms, as well as radio equipment for sending radio signals at certain frequencies.
The description of the lighthouses is set out in detail in the corresponding directions, and their exact coordinates (latitude and longitude) of location are plotted on navigation maps.
Schemes for placing navigation signs. To consolidate knowledge of navigational signs and acquire primary skills in orienting by them while sailing, it is useful for a novice navigator to learn to read maps (diagrams) of sections of the route with navigational landmarks marked on them.
The simplest diagrams for placing the most common signs indicating the axis of the navigation route, which is marked with a dotted line, are shown in Fig. 169-172.
The linear alignment is the most common alignment installed on waterways and gives the exact position of the axis of the navigation channel.
Slotted and edge openings are used mainly in areas where it is necessary to ensure increased reliability of the situation, improve the orientation of navigators when passing and overtaking, as well as in places where floating signs are often knocked out of their regular places.
Passage signs(1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6) are usually installed on the deep banks of river reaches and passes, as well as on waterways with unlit and reflective conditions.
Running signs(7.8) are installed with the expectation of ensuring the movement of vessels from sign to sign, as well as between directional and cross-over signs.
Spring signs are installed on capes and edges of floodplain banks protruding towards the shipping passage. On rice. 177 spring signs indicate dangerous flooded edges of the banks. Signs 1 and 3 - right bank. 2 and 4 left.
Appendix No. 5
to the Rules (paragraphs 125. 167, 183)
Information signs.
The information signs shown on the color tab (application) are divided into three groups:
1. Prohibition signs.
The signal board of these signs has a round shape of white color, the edging and diagonal stripe are red, the symbol is black.
Light - yellow, frequently flashing.
Signs prohibit boatmasters from performing certain actions and maneuvers. Prohibition signs “Passing and overtaking of trains is prohibited!”, “Passing and overtaking is prohibited!*”, “Do not create disturbances!”, “Movement of small watercraft is prohibited!*”, “Semaphore” are installed at the beginning and end of the section to which they apply, in places most convenient for observation from ships.
2. Warning and prescriptive signs.
These signs instruct boaters to exercise caution on this section of the route and comply with certain navigation safety requirements.
Light - yellow, flashing.
The sign “Crossing the navigation channel” is installed above or below the crossing, the sign “Observe the surface clearance!” - on both banks 100 m above or below (downstream) from the location of the crossing, as well as on the support or span of the bridge.
"Attention" signs and "Speed limited!" are installed at the beginning and end of the area covered by their action, in places most convenient for observation from ships.
3. Directional signs.
They inform navigators about the safest places for maneuvering, the location of certain objects, the width of the shipping channel, depths and provide other navigational information.
Prohibition signs
1. Prohibition of passage- the general signal sign "Semaphore" is intended to indicate areas with one-way (alternate) traffic of vessels and also to regulate traffic through the spread spans of floating bridges.
The floating bridge, when it is raised, must have the following light signaling in the dark to allow ships to pass through:
on the right downstream side of the span - two red constant lights (at the downstream and upstream corners of the span);
on the left side of the span - two green constant lights (at the lower and upper corners of the span);
on the allocated part of the bridge, at the end protruding into the river, a signal light corresponding to the edge ones is installed on the core side (red to the right bank, green to the left);
on the erected bridge, white lights are installed along its entire length every 50 m at a height of at least 2 m above the upper deck of the bridge.
Regulation of the passage of ships through the spread parts of the floating bridge is carried out using signals raised on the semaphore mast.
| Name of the sign |
Color and character of fire |
|
|
Semaphore: The passage is closed from below and from above | ||
|
The passage is closed from below | ||
|
The passage is closed from above | ||
|
Traffic light: The move is closed | ||
|
The move is open |
Sign " Traffic light" regulates the movement of ships in the areas of locks, barrier gates of cable ferry crossings and in the lifting navigable spans of bridges.
2.
Sign " Passing and overtaking are prohibited" denotes a section of the navigation channel where overtaking and passing of vessels is prohibited
3.
Sign " Passing and overtaking of trains is prohibited" denotes a section of the shipping lane where passing and overtaking of convoys and large vessels over 120 m in length are prohibited.
at night - eclipsing yellow light
4.
Sign " Don't drop anchor" denotes an underwater passage area where it is prohibited to release anchors, lower chains and lots
At night - two constant yellow lights located vertically
5.
Sign " Don't create commotion" indicates areas of the waterway where disturbance is prohibited.
6.
Sign " Movement of small craft is prohibited" denotes an area where the movement of small vessels is prohibited on the shipping route (on roadsteads in approach channels, at berths, etc.).
At night - eclipsing yellow light
Notes
1. Signs are installed at a distance of 100 m above and below (downstream) from the axis of underwater crossings.
2. Signs are placed in pairs so that each pair forms a transverse section. On canals and sections of rivers in the area of settlements with a channel width of up to 500 m, it is allowed to install one sign on the crossing axis on each bank
3. On waterways with a channel width of up to 500 m, a line of signs is placed on the bank on which they are better visible from ships.
4. If the width of the water putsch is more than 500 m, sign alignments are installed on both banks.
5. If the shipping channel is located along the navigation bank, the alignments of signs are installed only on this bank, regardless of the width of the waterway.
Warning and instructional signs
1.
Sign " Speed limited" denotes sections of the shipping route where the speed of movement of displacement vessels is limited (on canals, in outports, roadstead waters, etc.) numbers indicate the maximum permissible speed (km/h)
2.
Sign " Attention" indicates areas of the shipping route where special care must be taken. Figure - exclamation mark.
At night - yellow flashing light
3.
Sign " Crossing a ship's channel" to indicate places where ships and ferries cross the shipping channel
At night - yellow flashing light
4.
Sign " Observe the above-water clearance" denotes a bridge and overwater crossing. The figure shows the minimum passage height of the overwater crossing, the height of the under-bridge navigable clearance of the navigable span of the bridge from the design water level (m)
At night - two yellow constant lights located horizontally.
Directional signs
1
. Sign " Place of vessel turnover" to indicate the area where it is safest to turn the vessel
At night - constant yellow light
2.
Sign " Shipping inspection post" to designate the locations of shipping inspection units
Constant yellow light
3.
"Stop sign"indicates the useful length of the lock chambers and the boundaries of the mooring (stopping) zone for ships in the approach channels to the locks. The sign is a (vertical) red stripe 0.2-0.4 m wide and at least 1.5 m long, applied on the parapets and (or) walls of chambers and berthing structures of locks
Illuminated by a constant red light.
4.
Sign " Raid index" to indicate the border of the raid. If there are several raids, the number shows the serial number of the raid
Note: It is allowed to install additional shields, where the arrow indicates the direction of the raid, and the numbers indicate the length of the raid (m)
At night - constant lights on the left bank are green, on the right - red
Floating navigational signs.
Lateral system for placing floating navigational signs
V - a system in which marks indicate the sides or axis of a navigation channel. It is used on rivers, reservoirs, canals, small lakes and on approaches to seaports.
It has been established that the right bank is the bank of the inland waterway located to the right of the observer facing the water flow, and the left bank is to the left of the observer facing the water flow.
On canals, lakes and reservoirs, the direction of the current is assumed conditionally and is reported in navigation aids and documents.
On transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the sides (right and left) of the edge are usually established in the direction from the pinch-out zone to the dam, on lakes - taking into account the rivers flowing into and flowing out of them.
On the approaches to ports, piers and shelters, as well as on the ship channels of rivers flowing into the reservoir, the name of the edges of the ship channel is taken in the direction of the transit ship channel.
Cardinal system for placing floating navigational signs
-
This is a system in which the fencing of navigational hazards is carried out relative to the cardinal points of the compass. It is used in the seas, large lakes and in the estuaries of large rivers.
Types of floating navigational signs of this system, their description, arrangement, purpose and characteristics of lights are set out in this chapter (§8)"Navigation equipment of the seas".
In the waters of the northwestern part of Europe (on large lakes and at the mouths of large rivers), an international system of navigation equipment has been adopted to protect against dangers - IALA system(Fig. 173).
With a radical arrangement of floating signs of the IALA system, the northern buoy and pole are installed north of the danger (southern - to S, eastern - to E, western - to W) and for safe passage they should be left to the south (southern - to N, eastern - to W, western - to E). The characteristics of the lights of these signs are as follows:
northern buoy - white light, frequently flashing (50-60 flashes per minute);
southern buoy - white intermittent, frequently flashing light followed by a long (at least 2 s) flash (6 frequent and 1 long flash, period 15 s);
eastern buoy- white intermittent, frequently flashing light (3 frequent flashes and a pause, period 10s);
western buoy - white intermittent, frequently flashing light (9 frequent flashes and a pause, period 15s).
The tops of these buoys and milestones are equipped with top figures in the form of black triangles (holics), the location of which relative to each other on each sign is different and is indicated on Figure 173.
Small hazards can be protected by a single buoy with a pole (Fig. 174) without displaying other cardinal signs.
These signs are placed directly above the protected hazard.
Axial system for placing floating navigational marks in sea areas - used to mark the starting points and axes of fairways (channels), as well as the middle of passages in areas dangerous for navigation (Fig. 175).
Lateral system for placing floating signs in sea areas - used for fencing the sides of fairways (channels) and passages (Fig. 176).
Special purpose signs
-
used to mark anchor and quarantine sites (Fig. 177).
Navigators undertake long-distance tourist or commercial voyages in the waters of the world's oceans, the route of which often amounts to thousands of kilometers. They choose the best routes for hiking and can also travel in unfamiliar areas. In such conditions, ship captains must be able to navigate their ship through reefs and waters, from where the voyage sometimes begins; operate a vessel on main canals with intensive shipping; be able to navigate sea navigation out of sight of the shores; navigate the ship correctly and safely and not get lost in an unexpected storm.
Solving basic problems navigation associated with determining the direction of movement of a ship or vessel in the waters of the world's oceans and the direction to observation objects. The practical side of navigation is developed in the process of mastering the methods and techniques of driving and controlling ships. Navigation includes: navigation, pilotage, technical means of navigation, navigational hydrometeorology, nautical astronomy. An important component of navigation is knowledge of navigational equipment.
Obstacle that poses a real threat to navigation ship (vessel), is called a marine navigation hazard. Elevations of the bottom and any natural and artificial objects in the layer of water from the surface to the recess of the devices located below the keel (rudders, propellers, retractable devices of hydroacoustic stations, etc.) are potentially dangerous for the ship. In addition, it is necessary to have a certain supply of “clean” water to prevent clogging of the outboard holes and filters with silt, sand, etc. When sailing in dangerous areas, the depth of protection is taken into account to calculate the safe depth. Natural navigational hazards are formed by the topography of the seabed.
types of navigation hazards
Dangerous for navigation are above-water, underwater, submerged or destroyed hydraulic structures, lost anchors, concrete building blocks, etc. Natural landforms and artificial structures rising above the water also pose a certain danger. The following basic terms are used to characterize hazards:
A shoal is a significant elevation of the seabed, composed of solid soil, the depths above which are small compared to the surrounding ones.
A shoal is a shoal extending from the shore with gradually increasing depths towards the sea.
An underwater spit is a narrow sandbank extending from a peninsula or cape.
A bank is an isolated and limited in area sharp rise of the bottom. A common type of bank is a seamount - a separate elevation of the seabed in the deep part of the ocean with steep slopes.
A reef is a surface or drying elevation with rocky ground, an accumulation of stones or coral formations.
A distinctive depth is a depth that is sharply different from surrounding depths.
A bar is a shoal or series of shoals separating a lagoon or river mouth from the sea.
A drainage is a part of the shore or sandbank that is exposed at low water.
A rock is a separate, sharp rise of hard rock bottom protruding from the water.
A stone is a small rock or piece of hard rock. As a rule, it is located near the coastline.
An atoll is a low-lying coral island in the form of a ring surrounding shallow water. Found in the open sea.
A pier is an external protective structure connected to the shore.
A breakwater is an external protective structure of a port that is not connected to the shore.
A dam is a fortifying embankment (shaft) designed to protect the coast from flooding, protect canals and roadsteads from waves and drifts, regulate the flow of rivers and connect land areas with each other.
A bune is a short riprap or solid wall dam projected at an angle toward the shore.
A pile is a load-bearing (supporting) support of a hydraulic structure in the form of a rod immersed in the ground.
Ryazh is a flooded wooden frame, which is divided into cells loaded with stone.
For fencing marine navigational hazards threatening safe swimming, a system of artificial structures and devices is created, which are called navigation equipment.
By means navigation equipment seas(Aids to navigation) are special structures, structures or devices intended for orienting or determining the coordinates of ships and vessels at sea, as well as for fencing channels, fairways and navigational hazards. According to their location, they can be coastal (land), floating or underwater. According to the physical principles underlying the design and determining their purpose, navigation equipment is divided into: visual, sound, electromagnetic, radio and hydroacoustic.
Visual aids are designed to determine the coordinates of a ship at sea or the orientation of a vessel by visual perception of their shapes and colors or emitted light signals. These include sea lighthouses, shining sea lighthouses, shining sea navigation signs, marine navigation lights and marine floating warning signs.
Navigation lights have the corresponding distinctive features: color, character (mode) of combustion, relative position on the navigation sign. They use red, green, white and yellow lights. A certain nature (mode) of fire combustion is provided. Accordingly, the lights have the following names.
Constant is a fire whose light intensity does not change over time (for an observer stationary in relation to the fire).
Flashing (single-flash) is a light whose flash duration over a period is noticeably less than the duration of the pause.
A double-flash light is a light that has two rapidly alternating flash periods, the total duration of which is noticeably less than the duration of the pause.
Rapidly flashing - a fire consisting of rapidly alternating flashes with a period of no more than 1 second.
Group frequently flashing - a light consisting of a group of rapidly alternating flashes (4-5 flashes in a group); The duration of a group of flashes is less than the duration of pauses.
Eclipsing is a fire whose duration of flashes over a period is noticeably longer than the duration of pauses.
Pulsating and intermittent pulsating - rapidly flashing light of increased brightness for reliable detection of light signals against the background of a large accumulation of extraneous lights.
The nature of navigation lights and their symbols are given in the table.
beacons, signs, alignments
Nautical lighthouse They are a fundamental tower-type structure, equipped in the upper part with a special light signal. Lighthouse not only warns of danger, but also serves to determine the ship’s position at sea. In order for the navigator to identify lighthouses, they are built in various noticeable shapes and give the light of each lighthouse a special light characteristic. This allows to the skipper accurately determine the location of your vessel.
sea lighthouse
At sea lighthouse As a rule, a complex of navigation equipment and other structures is equipped (radio and sound aids to navigation, hydrometeorological station, signal mast, etc.).
floating lighthouse- this is a special vessel with a characteristic silhouette and coloring, installed on anchors in a regular place. As a rule, it is equipped with the same facilities as the coastal one.
floating lighthouse
Luminous marine navigation sign- this is a permanent structure that has a lighting apparatus with a visibility range of white or colored lights of less than 10 miles. A structure similar to a luminous sign without a lighting apparatus is a non-luminous sign.
Marine navigation light- this is a lighting device installed on natural objects or non-specially built structures.
Information about visual aids to navigation equipment (location, brief description of the structure and characteristics of the light, visibility range, availability of sound and radio equipment, height from the base and from sea level) is given in the marine navigation manual " Lights and signs", published by the Department of Navigation and Oceanography of each maritime state. Some of this kind of information is placed on navigational sea charts.
Marine floating warning signs are means of navigation equipment in the form of buoys or poles installed on anchors to protect marine navigation hazards, mark the position of sea channels and fairways, underwater cables, fishing gear and anchorages.
In some cases, distinctive spots of a color that is easily visible from the sea are painted on the rocky shore or on individual structures. Such spots, in combination with aids to navigation, are used to ensure the safety of navigation between islands, in harbors, etc.
To provide maritime safety on approaches to ports, in narrows and in harbors, gates are installed lighthouses, luminous or non-luminous signs. The true direction of the alignments is shown on navigational sea charts.
Target is a line, sector or stripe formed navigation equipment and indicating on the water surface the direction of movement of the ship. Mainly at sea they use linear and slotted sections.
leading signs
Linear target the most common and consists of two or three signs located on the same line, which is the axis of the target. In other words, if the signs are in the same vertical plane or aligned, then it “lies” on the target. Such gates can be leading or turning. The first include entrance gates installed in bases, ports or simply bays for the entry (exit) of ships and vessels along a fairway or an artificial channel. A linear turn target is used on multi-leg fairways and channels to indicate the start of a turn from one leg to the other.
orientation along slotted and linear alignments
Slotted gate consists of three signs located at the vertices of an isosceles triangle, usually with its base facing the sea. The principle of using a slot target is that the middle (rear) mark or light when sailing along the target must be kept in the gap between the two front ones. Deviation from the alignment axis so much that the rear and one of the forward marks (lights) are on the same line, and means that the vessel is on the border of the alignment zone. Thus, the slot alignment designates not only the direction of the alignment axis, but also the width of the running lane. In essence, it is a combination of two linear alignments with a common back sign.
Sound aids to navigation- these are devices that emit sound signals in the air, designed to warn of navigational hazards in conditions of poor visibility. They complement visual aids to navigation, but are not a means of determining a location, but only warn of approaching danger. The most widespread are the nautofon, siren and howler.
sound signals
IN nautofone The source of sound is a steel membrane vibrated by an electromagnet. The installation allows you to obtain a variety of sound characteristics. The hearing range is about 5 miles.
nautophone
Sound transmitting device sirens consists of two cylinders with slots in the walls, one of which the rotor rotates inside the other. Compressed air is supplied inside the rotor. When the slots of the cylinders coincide, the compressed air is released and produces a howling sound. The siren's audibility range is over 5 miles.
Howler used primarily on buoys. It works on the principle of a forge, the vibrator of which is driven by wave vibrations, so even in calm conditions it is triggered by a ship passing nearby.
howler
In some ports, at the ends of piers, in narrow places and roadsteads, where a long audibility range is not required, it is used bell. It is also used as a reserve on lightships.
electromagnetic aids to navigation equipment
Electromagnetic aids to navigation equipment- devices that create an electromagnetic field in water and in the surface layer of the atmosphere, which is used to determine the coordinates of a ship or submarine using shipborne technical navigation equipment. An electromagnetic cable is used as an electromagnetic navigation aid, around which an electromagnetic field is created. The cable can be leading and indicate the axis of the fairway (channel) or serve as a secant on the cable measuring line.
Standard means of navigational equipment of the seas, location coordinates and their mode of operation are indicated in official navigation manuals and marked on marine navigation charts. Navigation equipment installed temporarily to support hydrographic work or solve special problems is non-standard. The location coordinates and operating mode of such navigation equipment are indicated in Notices to Mariners. Navigation aids are either serviced or unattended.
navigation equipment system with floating warning signs
As mentioned above, as floating warning signs Luminous and non-luminous buoys and milestones serve. Depending on their purpose, they are assigned a certain shape, color, character and color of fire. Buoys and milestones may have top figures of a certain shape and color.
Currently there is a unified fencing system of the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA), which includes five types of signs: lateral; cardinal; protecting individual dangers; indicating the starting points and axis of fairways (channels), as well as the middle of the passage (axial, or clear water signs); special purpose.
signs of the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) system
Cardinal signs They are columnar buoys or poles. They are designed to protect isolated dangers relative to the cardinal points; are divided into northern, southern, western and eastern, and are placed respectively to the north, south, west and east of the danger. Cardinal signs are painted with yellow and black horizontal stripes and have top figures in the form of two black cones: on the northern signs - with the top up, on the south - with the top down, on the east - with the bases together, on the west - with the tops together. The signs are equipped with white flashing lights with a characteristic of 100-120 flashes per minute or 50-60 flashes per minute. To facilitate memorization, the northern signs shine in frequent flashes continuously; the eastern, southern and western signs clockwise give 3,6 and 9 frequent flashes respectively, followed by darkness.
signs
applied
with an axial placement system
placement of signs in the cardinal system
Lateral signs They are cylindrical, columnar and conical buoys or poles. They are designed to fence the sides of fairways and channels. The left and right sides of the fairway and channel are determined relative to the vessel coming from the sea.
Aids to navigation (Aids to Navigation) are installed to indicate surface or underwater hazards, ensure navigation along fairways and determine the vessel’s position in coastal areas.
Depending on the location of installation, aids to navigation can be coastal or floating.
Coastal ones include beacons, lights, signs, radar stations, as well as acoustic fog alarms.
Lighthouses are special structures from 10 to 50 meters high, equipped with powerful light-optical equipment.
The lights of the lighthouses are lit from sunset to sunrise, the visibility range is at least 10 miles.
Navigation marks– lighthouse-type structures, but of a lighter design. The visibility range of the lights is up to 10 miles.
The gate signs are constructed in the form of lattice towers, on which a wooden gate shield is mounted. The alignments formed by the alignment marks are installed to guide the vessel along the fairway, as well as to determine compass corrections. Floating aids to navigation are installed at anchors near the danger or at the danger itself: signs, buoys and milestones.
Floating warning signs warn boatmasters about the presence of danger, prohibit movement in their direction and indicate a safe route.
The system provides five types of signs
1. Lateral signs. These signs (buoys and stakes) are placed to mark the sides of fairways.
The world's oceans are divided into two regions: region A and region B, which differ in the principle of using red and green colors to mark the sides of the fairway with lateral signs.
Countries that have adopted a red color for navigation aids on the left side of the fairway belong to Region A; countries that have adopted the green color of the navigation aid on the left side of the fairway are in region B. In this case, the direction of the fairway in both regions is considered from the sea. The remaining types of signs are common to regions A and B.
Region A. On the left side (Fig. 17.20) signs are displayed, completely painted in red, the top figures look like a red cylinder, the luminous buoy has a red fire. The nature of the fire is Pr 3s (flashing, period 3s).
On the right side (of the figure) signs are placed, completely painted in green, the top figures look like a green cylinder, the luminous buoy has a green fire. Character of fire – Pr 3s.
In some cases, the direction of the fairway is specifically specified. Numbers or letters can be applied to the bodies of the buoys, and the numbering or designation of the buoys with letters is carried out from the sea.
Where fairways separate To indicate the main (preferred) fairway, modified lateral signs are used.
Main fairway on the right – the color of the signs is red with a wide green horizontal stripe, the top figure is in the shape of a red cylinder, the luminous buoy is red. The nature of the fire is Pr (2+1) 9s (complex group flashing, period 9 seconds).
Main fairway on the left– the color of the signs is green with a wide red horizontal stripe, the top figure is in the shape of a green cone, the luminous buoy is green. Character of fire – Pr (2+1) 9s.
Region B. The lateral marks displayed on the left and right sides of the fairway are illuminated with green and red lights respectively.
Region A
Left side sign
Right side sign
Region B
Left side sign
Right side sign
Sign indicating that the main fairway is on the left
Sign indicating that the main fairway is on the right
They are used to protect isolated navigational hazards, as well as sunken ships. These signs indicate the direction (on the compass) from which the ship must avoid the danger. They can be placed in one, several or all sectors from danger. For fencing, buoys and poles of black and yellow color are used in various combinations (Fig. 17.28).
The top figures are two black cones placed one above the other. The light of the luminous buoys is white.
Northern buoys and milestones are placed in the northern sector to the N of danger. The signs are black at the top and yellow at the bottom. The top figures are cones with their vertices up. The nature of the fire is F (frequent).
Eastern buoys and milestones are deployed in the eastern sector to E from danger. The signs are black with a wide yellow horizontal stripe. The top figures are cones with their bases together. The nature of the fire is H (3) 10 s (three frequent flashes in a group, period 10 s).
Southern buoys and poles are placed in the southern sector to the S of danger. The signs are yellow at the top and black at the bottom. The top figures are cones with their vertices together. The nature of the fire is H (6) DlPr 15 s (six frequent flashes in a group with a long flash, period 15 s).
Western buoys and milestones are deployed in the western sector to the W of danger.
The signs are yellow with a wide black horizontal stripe. The top figures are cones with their vertices together. The nature of the fire is H (9) 15 s (nine frequent flashes in a group, period 15 s).
Signs protecting individual minor hazards.
They are positioned above the danger and can be bypassed from any side. The signs are painted black with one or more red wide horizontal stripes (Fig. 17.29). The top pieces are two black balls placed one above the other. The luminous buoy is white. Character of fire – Pr (2) 5s.
3. Signs indicating the starting points and axis of the fairway(channel) and the middle of the passage (axial). Signs (buoys and milestones) are painted with red and white vertical stripes (Fig. 17.30). The top figure looks like a red ball. The luminous buoy has a white flame. The nature of the fire is DlPr 6s (long-flash, period 6 seconds).
They are used to mark or fence special areas or objects, for example, cable laying sites, etc.
The signs are painted yellow. The top figures are a yellow oblique cross. The luminous buoy has a yellow fire, the nature of the fire is Pr 5s.
Signs protecting certain dangers
PRACTICAL WORK No. 1
Topic: Maritime Register of Shipping of Ukraine. Vessel class.
Foreign classification societies. International
Agreements to ensure maritime safety.
Purpose of practical work: Study the functions and tasks of the Register
Shipping of Ukraine, vessel class,
class symbol, class signs.
Foreign classification
societies and international agreements.
Exercise: Study the functions and tasks of the Shipping Register,
Consider the class symbol and its signs, familiarize yourself with
foreign classification societies,
consider the requirements of international agreements for
safety of navigation.
Materials for practical work.
1. Register Rules for the classification and construction of sea vessels.
2. V.G. Aleksishin. International and national standards
safety of navigation.
3. V.M. Pruss. International legal aspects of navigation.
Work order:
1. Study the main functions and tasks of the Register in the field of classification and
supervision of ships.
2. Remember the main symbol of the class of a sea vessel:
· Built under the supervision of the Register.
· Built without the supervision of the Register.
3. Remember the signs:
· Dividing the ship's hull into waterproof compartments.
· Navigation area restrictions.
· Vessel automation.
· Nuclear-powered ship.
· Specific purpose.
1. Decipher the class symbol:
KMO L1 1 A1 “Rudovoz”.
KM L2 1 I A2 “Rybolovnoe”, (KM) ULA 1 III “Tug”,
KMO UL 2 A1 “Autonomous floating base”.
KM LZ 3 A2 "Passenger".
2. Familiarize yourself with the names of classification societies of leading maritime states.
3. Study and remember the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974 (SOLAS - 74), the International Maritime Organization - IMO, the International Convention for Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers - STCW - 78/95, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution ships 1973 – MARPOL 73/78, International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 – COLREG-72, International Convention on Load Lines 1966
functions and tasks of the Register and remember
Study points 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 of order
doing the work.
BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT THE MARINE REGISTER, VESSEL CLASS,
FOREIGN CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES AND
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
REGISTER OF SHIPPING OF UKRAINE, ITS TASKS AND FUNCTIONS.
REGISTER OF SHIPPING OF UKRAINE
“The Shipping Register of Ukraine is a national classification society. Formed in accordance with the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On the improvement of technical. Classification and shipping supervision on sea and river transport" dated June 8, 1998 No. 814.
The Shipping Register of Ukraine operates on the basis of the Regulations on the Shipping Register of Ukraine, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On improving technical, classification and shipping supervision in sea and river transport” dated June 8, 1998 No. 814, as amended by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 461 dated March 25, 1999
The Shipping Register of Ukraine carries out technical supervision and classifies sea and river merchant vessels in accordance with Art. 22 of the Merchant Shipping Code of Ukraine and Art. Art. 26 and 29 of the Law of Ukraine “On Transport”, carries out, within its competence, supervision of compliance with the requirements of international agreements in which Ukraine participates. The register belongs to the management of the Ministry of Transport and operates as a state enterprise.
The Register includes:
Main department located in Kyiv;
Territorial structural divisions.
The main objectives of the Register are:
Classification of sea and river vessels
Classification of inland water basins according to vessel navigation conditions, establishment;
boundaries of areas and conditions of sea navigation of supervised vessels;
Development and approval of rules and technical requirements regarding ensuring compliance with the conditions for the safety of navigation of ships, protection of the life and health of passengers, ship crews, preservation of transported cargo, environmental safety of ships;
Technical supervision over the implementation of rules and technical requirements by enterprises, organizations and individuals who design, carry out construction and work on re-equipment, modernization, repair, operation of ships, ship mechanisms, devices and equipment, as well as the manufacture of materials and products for ships.
Seagoing vessels, inland and mixed (river-sea) navigation vessels, regardless of their form of ownership and departmental affiliation, are subject to classification and technical supervision of the Register: self-propelled vessels - regardless of the power of the main mechanisms; non-self-propelled vessels and special-purpose floating facilities - regardless of gross tonnage; sailing and sail-motor vessels. Military vessels and vessels of the State Fisheries Committee (self-propelled - with main engines with a power of less than 55 kW, non-self-propelled - with a gross tonnage of less than 80 registered tons, as well as sports vessels) are not subject to technical supervision of the Register.
The register, in accordance with agreements concluded with shipowners, performs the following functions:
Coordination of design and technical documentation and technical supervision of the construction, re-equipment, modernization and repair of ships, ship machinery, equipment, installation, refrigeration units, containers, testing and manufacturing of ship supply products and materials, etc. with the preparation of the relevant documents.
Technical supervision of ships in operation by conducting periodic and extraordinary inspections and issuing documents on the ships’ suitability for navigation.
Technical supervision of environmental safety of ships;
Technical supervision of other objects and processes of industry and transport under the authority of the Ministry of Transport;
Registration of supervised vessels with maintenance of the Register Book;
Coordination of draft standards, guidelines, technical specifications and other regulatory documents for shipbuilding, ship repair and technical operation of the fleet;
Examination of the technical condition of ships and other objects of supervision in accordance with regulatory documents;
Other services for classification and certification of quality systems and industrial products of Ukraine, as well as foreign products, in agreement with Gosstandart and in accordance with the requirements of the Ukrainian State Product Certification System;
Publication of instructions, information and explanatory materials on issues of technical supervision, measurement and accounting of ships, shipbuilding and shipping;
Within the limits of its competence, it issues certificates for ships that carry out foreign voyages, as provided for in international treaties on merchant shipping issues.
VESSEL CLASS, CLASS SYMBOL.
If a ship is built in accordance with the requirements of the Register rules, then it may be assigned a Register class, determined by the purpose, navigation area, hull design and seaworthiness of the ship. The Register may also assign, renew or restore a class to a vessel in service by issuing a Classification Certificate. The class of the vessel is assigned or renewed for 4 years. The main symbol of the class of a ship built in accordance with the Rules and under the supervision of the Register consists of the sign O and the signs KM or K placed in front of it.
The letter K stands for body, M stands for mechanisms.
KM O for self-propelled vessels, K O - for non-self-propelled vessels.
The main symbol of the class of a ship built without the supervision of the Register.
1. If the ship and its mechanical installation were built according to the rules and under the supervision of another classification authority, and then it is assigned a Register class, then the class symbol consists of the characters:
KM - for self-propelled vessels and K - for non-self-propelled vessels.
2. If the ship and its mechanical installation were built without supervision
classification body recognized by the Register or without any supervision at all
classification body, and then the ship is assigned a Register class, then
the class symbol consists of the following characters: (КМ) - for self-propelled vessels
(K) - for non-self-propelled vessels.
Icebreakers - vessels intended for laying a channel in solid ice, guiding, breaking, towing ships and performing rescue operations in ice and meeting the requirements of the Rules are added to the main class symbol by one of the following signs: LL1, LL2, LL3, LL4.
The marks are applied depending on the thickness of the continuous ice field in which the icebreaker is moving and the total power on the propellers.
Ice force signs for ships.
If the ship has ice forces, in accordance with the requirements of the Register, then, depending on the applied strengthening category, one of the following signs is added to the main one:
ULA, UL, L1, L2, L3. Ice reinforcements of the categories are shown in the table.
Division marks.
For ships whose unsinkability is ensured when one, two or three adjacent compartments are flooded, one of the signs is placed on the right behind the ice strengthening category sign: 1, 2, 3.
Navigation area restrictions signs.
If the vessel is intended for navigation in a limited area or for mixed (river-sea) navigation, then the signs I, II, II SP or which have the following meanings are added to the main class symbol:
I - navigation in the open seas with a distance from the place of refuge of up to 200 miles and with a permissible distance between places of refuge of up to 400 miles, as well as navigation in closed seas.
II – navigation in open seas with a distance from the place of refuge up to 50 miles and with a distance of refuge up to 100 miles and navigation in closed seas within the boundaries established by the Register.
II SP - navigation on inland waterways, as well as in sea areas at waves of no more than 6 points and at a distance from the place of refuge: in the open seas up to 50 miles and with a distance between places of refuge up to 100 miles.
In closed seas up to 100 miles and with a distance between places of refuge up to 200 miles.
III – coastal, roadstead and port navigation within the boundaries established by the Register.
Automation signs.
The degree of automation of the vessel is indicated by the following signs:
A1 - a ship, with the exception of a passenger ship, the scope of automation of the mechanical installation of which allows operation without a watch in the engine rooms and in the central control room (CPU).
A2 – the ship has automation that allows its operation without a watch in the engine rooms, but with a watch in the control room.
AZ – vessel with the help of main mechanisms 1500 kW (2040) hp. automation of which allows operation without a watch in the machine rooms.
Serbian Army River Flotilla
Driving training for jet skis and small boats, general information, pilotage
Legendary planes in the night sky