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Bohemia Bohemia

(Latin Bohemia, from Boiohaemum - country of the Boys), 1) the original name of the territory on which the state of the Czech Republic was formed. 2) The official name in 1526-1918 of the Czech Republic (without Moravia) as part of the Habsburg Empire.

BOHEMIA

BOHEMIA (late Latin Bohemia, from Boiohaemum - country of the Boii (cm. BOYI)), an obsolete name for the Czech Republic, comes from the Latin name of the territory inhabited by the Celtic tribe of Boii. The name of Bohemia in the Western European, especially German tradition, long outlived the tribe itself and was transferred to the Czech state. The title of King of Bohemia was given to him by the Holy Roman Emperor Wratislav II of the Premyslid dynasty. (cm. PRZEMYSLOVICY)(Right. 1061-92). Otakar I Přemysl made Bohemia independent from the German emperors. Bohemia was officially called in 1526-1918 the Czech Republic (without Moravia) as part of the Habsburg Empire. The Czech Republic was called the “Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia” after the Nazi occupation on March 15, 1939, with the exception of the territories with a predominant German population annexed to Germany as a result of a plebiscite in 1938. After the defeat of Nazi Germany, the seized territories were returned to the Czech Republic.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

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See what “Bohemia” is in other dictionaries:

- (Latin Bohemia, from Boiohaemum the country of the Celtic tribes of the Boii), 1) the original name of the territory on which the state of the Czech Republic was formed. 2) The official name in 1526 1918 of the Czech Republic (without Moravia) as part of the Habsburg Empire ... Modern encyclopedia

- (Latin Bohemia from Boiohaemum country of the Boys), 1) the original name of the territory on which the state of the Czech Republic was formed2)] The official name in 1526 1918 of the Czech Republic (without Moravia) as part of the Habsburg Empire ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 asteroid (579) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Czech Republic Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001... Geographical encyclopedia

Bohemia- (Bohemia), region. to the Center Europe, now part of the Czech Republic. Became a duchy under the Czech Republic. the Premyslid dynasty in the 9th century, but due to the strengthening of the Saxon Ottonian dynasty, it was forced in the next century to recognize the power of the German emperors... ... The World History

Historical flag of the Czech Republic Bohemia as part of the Czech Republic Coat of arms of the Czech Kingdom Czech Republic, Bohemia (Czech Čechy ... Wikipedia

History of Bohemia

HISTORIA BOHEMICA

Among the chronicles covering the history of the Czech Republic and written outside its borders, the “Bohemian History” by Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, an Italian humanist, publicist, poet, historian and geographer, is of particular importance. He was born in 1405 in Corsignano (now Pienza) near Siena and was educated at the University of Siena. The young humanist read the works of Cicero and Titus Livy and wrote erotic poetry, imitating Roman poets. Aeneas Silvius began his ecclesiastical and political career in 1432, when at the Council of Basel he served as secretary to three bishops and three cardinals, showing great diplomatic abilities, which he then used at the court of the German emperor. At the age of 40, having renounced worldly life, he accepted the priesthood and entered the service of Pope Eugene IV, who ordained him bishop of Siena and then honored him with the rank of cardinal. In August 1458, Aeneas Silvius was elected pope and took the name Pius II. He died in 1464. Ever since the Council of Basel, where he was present at the speeches of the Hussite ambassadors led by Prokop Naked, Aeneas Silvius was interested in Czech history and studied Czech chronicles. In 1451, Aeneas was sent by the emperor to the Diet in Benesov, where he met with the Taborites. He outlined his impressions of the trip in letters to friends. In addition, he wrote diary entries and collected documents about events in Czech history. In the spring of 1458, already a cardinal, Aeneas Silvius completed his “Bohemian History,” which was written in a magnificent style in beautiful Latin. We present here an excerpt from this work, which tells about a legendary period in Czech history. Aeneas Silvius is not limited to a simple retelling of the events of ancient history, but critically comprehends the historical documents at his disposal and expresses a skeptical attitude towards the legendary evidence of traditional Czech chronicles. Translation was carried out by I. V. Krivushin and I. A. Maltseva according to the publication: Aeneae Sylvii Historia Bohemica. Basel, 1532.

About the location of the country of Bohemia; about its rivers and cities, as well as about the morals of the Bohemians

Bohemia is located in the barbaric land beyond the Danube, is part of Germany and almost all is open to the winds of Aquilon 1 . The region located to the east of it is owned by the Moravians and the Silesian tribe; [region] to the north [of it] - Silesians and Saxons, who are also called Mysnians 2 and Thuringians. In the west [it borders] on the Palatinate and the country of the Bavarians. The region to the south is owned by the Bavarians and Austrians, who live on both banks of the Danube. [Thus], only German lands adjoin Bohemia. The length and breadth of the country are almost equal; they form the shape of a circle, the diameter of which can be covered easily in three days' journey. Everything is covered by a forest, which the ancients called Hercynian and which was mentioned by both Greek and Latin writers. All the rivers that irrigate the country flow into the Alba 3 . Originating in the mountains, it divides Bohemia and Moravia, flows almost through the middle of the country, first to the west, and then turns to the north, where it leaves this land through mountain gorges, abruptly cutting through valleys, rushes into Saxony, dividing it into two parts, and rushes into ocean, being separated from the Rhine River by wide plains. Many say that in the old days [Alba] was the border between Germany and Sarmatia 4 . However, today it is the Oder River, which divides Silesia and which, skirting Germany, flows between the Alba and the Vistula, the river of the Prutens. 5 . Other rivers that Bohemians talk about are Orlice 6 , which means "eagle"; Egra 7 , named after the city 8 , which it washes, originating in the Palatinate and flowing into the Alba at Litomerica 9 . But Multavia surpasses everyone 10 , which flows through Prague, the main city of the kingdom, and carries with it [the waters] of Sazana 11 , Luzmicia 12 , Misa 13 and Alba. The cities of the kingdom worthy of mention are Prague, the illustrious seat of the king and bishop, no less in size and no less famous than Etruscan Florence, and divided into three parts, each of which is given a name - Lesser Prague, Old and New. Malaya is located on the left bank of the Multavia River and is adjacent to the hill where the royal residence and the famous St. Vitus Cathedral are located. Old Prague is spread out in a valley and is all decorated with beautiful buildings, among which the palace, the market square, the magnificent Curia and the University of Emperor Charles are especially admired. It is connected to Lesser Prague by a stone bridge with twenty-four arches. The new city is separated from the old by a deep ditch, through which a river can easily flow, and is fortified on both sides with a wall. It is a large city, extending up to the hills, one of which is called [the hill] of St. Charles, the other [the hill] of St. Catherine, and the third Vysehrad; it is built in the form of an arc; it has a university, whose head is considered both the royal chancellor and the sovereign. Litemesh 14 , another, besides Prague, episcopal city in Bohemia, [located] in the neighborhood of Moravia. Kutma is no less famous 15 , where silver was mined from an inexhaustible vein; however, in our time it is almost exhausted and depleted, and rainwater has accumulated in the silver mines themselves. You should also pay attention to the lavishly decorated and fortified Budwitz 16 , which is also called Slagenverdiy. Also, [mention] the Moon 17 and both Brody – Czech 18 and German 19 ; Buding, settlement of Litomerits, which is called a dowry for queens, Grežiy 20 , Bridge, also New House 21 , or Neuburg, Pogibritsiy 22 , memorable for the long siege of Pelzhm 23 , Zhazhior city 24 and, to pronounce it in Czech, Iglaria 25 , through which the route to Moravia passes; and, finally, the stronghold and refuge of the heretics Tabor, a fortification erected within our memory in an inaccessible place on the ruins of another settlement 26 and awarded the title of city from Emperor Sigismund. This is a very cold region, rich in fish, large draft animals, as well as game and forest animals, which produces a large harvest of wheat. [There] instead of wine they use strong drink; [the locals] call it beer, as if it were made from grains. The land in the whole kingdom is the best. Vineyards are planted on the hills around Zazhior and near Litomeritsa. The wine that is produced [here] is tart; the wealthier [Bohemians] drink [wine] imported from Austria and Hungary. This tribe speaks the same language as the Dalmatians. Regarding [language], they preserve the old custom to this day: in churches they preach to the people in German, and in cemeteries where lay presbyters or monks who own land gather, in Bohemian. Only mendicants [preachers] dared to instruct the common people in the language they desired. This fact clearly indicates that the country was formerly German, and then [it] was gradually settled by Bohemians. This can be supported by the testimony of Strabo, in whose seventh commentary you will find the following words: “The Senones 27 , tribe of Suevi 28 , as I said above, they live partly inside, partly outside the forest next to the getae 29 . The Suevi tribe itself is very numerous, because it spread from the Rhine to the Alba River; some of them still devastate the lands beyond Alba; these are emondors and lancosargi 30 " So [says] Strabo. All the common people of the kingdom love to drink, are prone to gluttony, are superstitious and greedy for innovations. Whenever innkeepers offer Cretan wine for sale, you will find in no small number those who, vowing, will not leave the wine cellar until the barrel is empty. They do the same with selected Italian wines. Those who stand out a little and occupy a middle position between the people and the nobility are arrogant, cunning, fickle in disposition, quick-tongued, greedy for robbery, and nothing can satiate them. Nobles, thirsty for glory, experienced in war, despise danger and keep their word firmly; however, her greed is difficult to satisfy. If we evaluate the people as a whole, they are not at all committed to religion. However, you are well aware that in any tribe, like the ruler, so are the people. About how and from where this tribe came to Germany, the impartial and most excellent father, Cardinal Domenico of Firma, who was very favorable to your Excellency, has already written. Here I will gladly repeat [from his writings] what is fully consistent with the story that we are telling.

On the origin of the Bohemian tribe

The Bohemians, like other mortals, wanting to assert their ancient origins as far as possible, call themselves descendants of the Slavs. Meanwhile, the Slavs were among those who, after the Flood, were responsible for the construction of the most shameful Tower of Babel; when all the languages ​​got mixed up, the Slavs, that is, the “word-loving” ones, took on their own language. Then they left the Sennar plain and, heading from Asia to Europe, occupied the lands that are now inhabited by the Bulgars, Serbs, Dalmatians, Croats 31 and Bosnians. I have not yet read an author who tells the origin of his ancient tribe, which could be trusted, with the exception of the Jews, the first among all mortals. Many of the very noble Germans claim that they descended from the Romans, but the Romans think that [they] trace their most glorious origins to the Teucrians 32 . The Franks, who were actually Germans, claimed to have Trojan blood in them. There is also a fair amount of vanity among the British, who claim that a certain Brutus, sent [here] into exile, gave rise to their family. And the Bohemians, much more ancient, openly declare that they descend from the tower itself, when a confusion [of languages] occurred. However, they do not say who their leaders were then, who had royal power, the population of which land they expelled, under whose leadership, what dangers they faced in Europe and at what time. They claim that when languages ​​were mixed throughout the earth, they were already Slavs. An empty boast worthy of ridicule! So, if anyone wants to imitate the Bohemians, trying to [derive] the nobility of the family from antiquity itself, he only has to attribute to himself an origin no longer from the Tower of Babel, but from Noah’s Ark, from Paradise itself with its joys, from the first ancestors and from the womb of Eve where everyone came from. We will move past such crazy nonsense. All kings, wrote Plato, came from slaves, and all slaves from kings. Only valor gives birth to true nobility. There is much that is true and worth mentioning that is told about the Bohemians, and that the pen hastens to describe when this nonsense is discarded.

About Cech, the first ruler of Bohemia

The Bohemian family was founded by Czech from Croatia, descended from completely unknown parents; after a murder occurred in [his] house, he, avoiding trial and punishment, arrived in the country now called Bohemia, and settled on a mountain called Chezhip 33 , which is translated into Latin as “Watchman”; after all, this mountain rises in the middle of the plain, contemplating the main rivers that irrigate Bohemia - Alba, Multavia and Egra. They report that this land was uncultivated, covered in forests and bushes, more suitable for animals than for humans. We believe this; after all, the ancient Germans who lived on these lands led a pastoral lifestyle and neglected the cultivation of the land, according to the custom of nomads, receiving food from cattle breeding; they went with their herds to wherever fate or their own decision led them, taking away their belongings on carts. But we do not agree with the stories of the Bohemians, who claim that Cech and his entire family - his brother and relatives accompanied him in his flight - lived [eating] only acorns and forest fruits; after all, by that time they had already forgotten about eating acorns [for food]. I can't believe people had food like this after the flood. It seems to me more convincing that Czech met [there] a few settlers who lived on milk and game, whom he taught to plow the land, sow wheat, reap it and eat bread; in this way he taught an ignorant and almost savage people to lead a more civilized way of life. I also have no compelling reason [to believe] that then everything was common and that both men and women went naked. After all, the climate of that country is not mild enough to allow a man who came from Dalmatia, where it was customary to wear clothes, to walk naked. Unless, of course, someone cites the Adamites as proof, testifying that they appeared among the Bohemians in our time, enjoyed community of property and nudity, but were soon destroyed. Cech had a brother named Lech, his companion in poverty and exile. After he discovered that the Germans were rich in lands and bulls, he went east, settled on a large plain and, after this place, gave [that land] the name Polonia; After all, the plain in the Slavic language is called “field”. His heirs soon multiplied enormously, and the people of that tribe filled Rus', Pomerania and Casuvia. The same thing happened with the Czech family; the Bohemians, that is, the “divine” ones, “who appeared miraculously,” occupied not only the region named after them, but also Moravia and Lusatia, after the former inhabitants were expelled. While Czech lived, nothing random or disorderly happened, and his authorities were obeyed unquestioningly. After his death, everyone began to lay claim to primacy, and therefore the country, ruled only by the opinion of the majority, without a leader and without a firmly established law, plunged into strife for a long time. Finally, when the strong suppressed the weak, a means was found to put an end to many years of confusion - to appoint a ruler who, while protecting everyone, would rule both the weak and the strong according to the same law.

About Crocus, the second ruler of the Bohemians

At that time the Bohemians had a husband named Krok, known for justice and for this reason [enjoyed] great respect among the common people. They choose him as their leader and entrust him with supreme power. His kindness was so great that the inhabitants of that country revered him as a father, because he ruled not for his own pleasure, but to bring benefit and peace to the country, and kept the unbridled people in peace not so much with power as with mercy. He built a fortress near Shtemna, which he named Cracovia after his own name. 34 . Dying, he left three daughters - Brela, knowledgeable in medicinal herbs, who built the castle of Brela; Terva, or Tervicia, bird teller and fortune teller; the third, Libusha, although inferior in age to [the sisters], nevertheless surpassed [them] in knowledge of divine and human affairs.

About Libusha, daughter of Krok, who ruled Bohemia for many years

Libusha, who lived like one of the Sibyls 35 , after the death of her father, since the people showed her favor, she ruled the country for many years. And before Prague was built, she fortified Vysehrad Castle. Her rule was pleasing to both the patricians and the plebs. But later, without committing any cruelty, any tyrannical act or oversight, but only making a fair decision, she lost the favor of the people. [Once] in her presence, two noble men argued over the ownership of land. A decision has been made in truth and justice, and the strongest loses to the weakest. He, as if it were against the law for the strongest to suffer defeat in court, declares, turning to the people, that it is shameful and unworthy for such a numerous people, such a high-born nobility and such a great state to submit to the arbitrariness of a woman. When his speech inflamed many, they began to condemn female rule, citing the customs of neighboring tribes, and demand a husband who would rule over them. Libusha, after silence has established, says that she understood the desire of the people and will not deceive them; She retained power for her subjects, and not for herself, after the death of her father; and orders [those gathered] to come the next day. They obeyed, left and returned [the next day].

About Primislav 36 , third ruler of the Bohemians

When Libusha saw that many people had come to the meeting, she said: “I have ruled you, Bohemians, until today, meekly and mercifully, as is characteristic of women, I have not taken away anything that belonged to anyone and have not harmed anyone; you had a mother, not a mistress. And my rule has become burdensome to you, and you, together with me, are expelling the law of philanthropy; nothing a person likes for a long time; the peoples desire rather than endure a pious and just ruler. So may you be free from my judgment; I will give you a husband to rule over you and judge your lives according to my will. Go, saddle my white horse, lead him into a wide field and there, free and without a bridle, let him go, following him wherever he goes. The horse will run for quite a long time until it stops in front of the husband having dinner at the iron table. He will become my husband, and your ruler.” The audience liked [Libushi's] speech. The horse, when released, ran ten thousand steps. Finally, at the river Bijela 37 he stopped in front of a plowman named Primislav. The nobles and commoners who followed [him], seeing that the stopped horse was fawning over the plowman, came closer and said: “Hello, good man, whom the gods have given us as rulers. Unharness the oxen, and, mounting your horse, ride with us; Libusha asks you to be her husband, and Bohemia - to be her ruler.” Many admit that they do not know how to cultivate the land, herd a flock, sail a ship, weave, sew and build, but no one says that by nature he is denied [the ability] to rule cities, be a king and command tribes and peoples, which is absolutely not easy; however, many, either out of laziness or out of love for peace, refuse the proposed royal power. Primislav, no matter how uncouth he was, received the messengers cordially and replied that he would do what they asked him to do; so great is the thirst of mortals to reign; no one considers himself unworthy of royal power. They say that the unharnessed bulls - after all, any ancient story is fabulous - rose into the air and disappeared into the deepest cave of the gaping rock, after which they were never seen again; goad 38 the one with which they drove the bulls, stuck into the ground, immediately became covered with leaves and sent out three branches of a walnut tree, of which two immediately dried up, and the third grew into a tall tree of the same species. I wouldn't dare to say that this is true. These [fables] should be sought from their inventors. However, among the royal privileges I found decrees of Charles, fourth emperor of the Romans, father of [Emperor] Sigismund of blessed memory, in which these [stories] are stated as genuine. The inhabitants of the village where this is believed to have happened were granted liberties; they are determined to pay as tax only a small measure of the nuts of that tree 39 . But Karl doesn’t inspire confidence in me either; after all, kings are usually gullible and consider everything that adds glory to their family to be true. Primislav, having listened to the messengers, turned the opener over, put bread and cheese on it and began to eat, as if before a long journey. This fact strengthened the souls of the Bohemians, for they recognized in the opener the iron table about which Libusha had prophesied. Amazed, they surround him during the meal, and when he finishes it, they put him on a horse and order him to hurry up. At the same time, they ask what the goad covered with leaves means and why the two branches dried up so quickly. He, as if knowing the science of prediction, says that he will have three sons, two of whom are destined to die a premature death, and the third will bear excellent fruit; and that if the whole earth had suffered from drought before his calling, his male line would have reigned forever, but since his calling had occurred before this disaster, hope of this was lost. When asked why he was taking wooden shoes with him, he replied - to keep them in the Visegrad fortress and so that [his] descendants could see them, so that they would all know that the first of the Bohemians to receive power was called from the field, and that One who ascended to the throne from such a low class should not be arrogant. These shoes, long since reverently kept by the Bohemians 40 , during the coronation procession, the priests of the Visegrad temple are carried in front of the kings. When Primislav arrived in Visegrad, he was greeted with great joy and honor by the common people and united in marriage with Libuša. Without hesitating for a long time, he surrounded the city of Prague with a rampart and a wall. When they were arguing about its name, Libusha ordered to ask the first master he met what he was doing, and to give the city a name according to his first word. The master asked [turned out to be] a carpenter. He said that he was making a threshold, which in Bohemian is called “dust.” This is how the name was given to the city. But descendants, distorting the name, pronounce “Prague”. Then laws were drawn up, which the Bohemians used for a long time, and the country, enjoying peace and quiet, became rich. Libuša erected Libuš Castle, not far from the Alba River, which became her resting place. The state, which Primislav ruled during the life of his wife thanks to her great wisdom, after her death came [under the rule of] him alone; the power of women, who could do a lot while [Libusha] was alive, disappeared.

And Czech Silesia is part of the Czech Republic.

Area - 52,750 km². It is bordered to the north and southwest by Germany, to the northeast by Poland, to the east by Moravia, and to the south by Austria. Bohemia's population is about 6.25 million.

The territory of Bohemia is surrounded on four sides by mountains:

In the southwest - the Bohemian Forest (Šumava) mountain range (border with Austria (Mühlviertel mountains) and Bavaria)

In the north and northeast are the Sudeten Mountains (border with Upper Lusatia and Silesia)

In the east and south - the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands (border with Moravia and the Waldviertel Mountains)

This creates a natural landscape limited by the watersheds of the Vltava (Moldova) and Laba (Elbe) river basins (to the border with Germany). The Ohře (Eger) also flows into the Laba, whose sources are in Franconia (in the Fichtel Mountains). Thus, the southern borders of the Czech Republic have their part in the main European watershed. The Danube and Oder basins occupy only 6.4% of the region's territory (3,184 km²), while the main part is occupied by the Elbe basin (48,772 km²).

The highest mountains in the Czech Republic are: Engelheiser (713 m), Bugberg (591 m), Georgenberg (455 m), Tokberg (853 m), Třemcinberg (822 m), Kubany (1358 m).

Administrative division

The modern borders of Bohemia are more than 1000 years old, only Egerland was annexed in the late Middle Ages.

Bohemia occupies two thirds of the territory of the Czech Republic.

The administrative-territorial units of the Czech Republic are entirely located on the territory of Bohemia - the Prague Metropolitan Region, the Central Bohemian Region, the Pilsen Region, the Karlovy Vary Region, the Ústecký Region, the Liberec Region and the Kralove Hrádec Region, as well as most of the Pardubice Region, about half of the territory of the Vysočina region and one settlement South Moravian region.

The main cities are Prague, Pilsen, Liberec, Ústí nad Labem, Ceske Budejovice and Hradec Králové.

Story

The outdated name of the historical Czech Republic - Bohemia - comes from the name of the Celtic tribes Boii, who inhabited this territory for several centuries and were later forced out by other tribes. B - - “Bohemia” is the official name of the Czech Republic (without Moravia) as part of the Habsburg Empire (Austria-Hungary).

Term Bohemia also previously used in Russian historiography to designate the historical region of the Czech Republic and the Czech state in the Middle Ages, and is also (together with the concepts of Moravia and Czech Silesia) sometimes used in regional studies of modern Czechia.

Czech culture

The patron and national saint of the Czech Republic is Saint Wenceslas.

Bohemia was a region in which religious and ethnic contrasts were closely intertwined with each other. Thus, Bohemian culture was a synthesis of German, Czech and Jewish cultures. Writers such as Adalbert Stifter, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jaroslav Hasek, Franz Kafka, Karel Capek, Franz Werfel and Friedrich Thorberg, or composers Bedřich Smetana, Antonin Dvorak, Leos Janáček, Gustav Mahler, Boguslav Martinu, Frantisek Pravda and Viktor Ullmann drew their inspiration from the country's rich cultural traditions. Newspaper in German “Tagblatt” (Russian) Daily newsletter ) was considered one of the best newspapers of its time. The vibrant nature and history of Bohemia is described in George Sand's novel Consuelo.

The influence of Czech culture, especially on Austria, was not limited only to art and literature. Thus, Austrian cuisine borrowed many Czech dishes. Czech beer is also famous throughout the world. Typical dishes of Czech cuisine are dumplings, goulash and sweet flour dishes.

Bohemian glass or Czech glass is also well known in our country. Czech crystal products and jewelry are an integral part of the tourism industry. Not to mention the Kinski racehorses, a rare breed of horse bred in the Czech Republic since 1838 by Count Octavian Kinski.

Notable Facts

• The action of the fairy tale by Samuil Marshak and the play of the same name “Twelve Months”, written in 1942-1943. in the USSR, takes place precisely in mountainous Bohemia (then part of the Austrian Empire), at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries.
• The flags of the Czech Republic and modern Poland, despite their external similarity, differ in aspect ratio.
• The asteroid (371) Bohemia is named after Bohemia.
• The famous Bohemian crystal is produced here.
• The hero of Stevenson's story "The Rajah's Diamond" is Florizel, a fictional prince of Bohemia (in other works he is already the prince of Bacardia).
• The hero of Arthur Conan Doyle's story "A Scandal in Bohemia" is its fictional monarch Wilhelm Gottsreich Sigismund von Ormstein.

see also

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Excerpt characterizing Bohemia

– Our very former groom, Prince Bolkonsky! – sighing, answered the maid. - They say he is dying.
Sonya jumped out of the carriage and ran to the Countess. The countess, already dressed for the trip, in a shawl and hat, tired, walked around the living room, waiting for her family in order to sit with the doors closed and pray before leaving. Natasha was not in the room.
“Maman,” said Sonya, “Prince Andrei is here, wounded, near death.” He's coming with us.
The Countess opened her eyes in fear and, grabbing Sonya’s hand, looked around.
- Natasha? - she said.
For both Sonya and the Countess, this news had only one meaning at first. They knew their Natasha, and the horror of what would happen to her at this news drowned out for them all sympathy for the person they both loved.
– Natasha doesn’t know yet; but he’s coming with us,” said Sonya.
- Are you talking about dying?
Sonya nodded her head.
The Countess hugged Sonya and began to cry.
"God works in mysterious ways!" - she thought, feeling that in everything that was done now, an omnipotent hand, previously hidden from people’s view, began to appear.
- Well, mom, everything is ready. What are you talking about?.. – Natasha asked with a lively face, running into the room.
“Nothing,” said the Countess. - It's ready, let's go. – And the countess bent down to her reticule to hide her upset face. Sonya hugged Natasha and kissed her.
Natasha looked at her questioningly.
- What you? What happened?
- There is nothing…
- Very bad for me?.. What is it? – asked the sensitive Natasha.
Sonya sighed and did not answer. The Count, Petya, m me Schoss, Mavra Kuzminishna, Vasilich entered the living room, and, having closed the doors, they all sat down and sat silently, without looking at each other, for several seconds.
The count was the first to stand up and, sighing loudly, began to make the sign of the cross. Everyone did the same. Then the count began to hug Mavra Kuzminishna and Vasilich, who remained in Moscow, and, while they caught his hand and kissed his shoulder, he lightly patted them on the back, saying something vague, affectionately soothing. The Countess went into the imagery, and Sonya found her there on her knees in front of the images that remained scattered along the wall. (According to family legends, the most expensive images were taken with them.)
On the porch and in the courtyard, people leaving with daggers and sabers with which Petya had armed them, with their trousers tucked into their boots and tightly belted with belts and sashes, said goodbye to those who remained.
As always during departures, much was forgotten and not properly packed, and for quite a long time two guides stood on both sides of the open door and steps of the carriage, preparing to give the Countess a ride, while girls with pillows, bundles, and carriages were running from home to the carriages. , and the chaise, and back.
- Everyone will forget their time! - said the countess. “You know that I can’t sit like that.” - And Dunyasha, gritting her teeth and not answering, with an expression of reproach on her face, rushed into the carriage to redo the seat.
- Oh, these people! - said the count, shaking his head.
The old coachman Yefim, with whom the countess was the only one who decided to ride, sitting high on his box, did not even look back at what was happening behind him. With thirty years of experience, he knew that it wouldn’t be long before they told him “God bless!” and that when they say, they will stop him two more times and send him for forgotten things, and after that they will stop him again, and the countess herself will lean out of his window and ask him, by Christ God, to drive more carefully on the slopes. He knew this and therefore, more patiently than his horses (especially the left red one - Falcon, who kicked and, chewing, fingered the bit) waited for what would happen. Finally everyone sat down; the steps gathered and they threw themselves into the carriage, the door slammed, they sent for the box, the countess leaned out and said what she had to do. Then Yefim slowly took off his hat from his head and began to cross himself. The postilion and all the people did the same.
- With God blessing! - said Yefim, putting on his hat. - Pull it out! - The postilion touched. The right drawbar fell into the clamp, the high springs crunched, and the body swayed. The footman jumped onto the box as he walked. The carriage shook as it left the yard onto the shaking pavement, the other carriages also shook, and the train moved up the street. In the carriages, carriages and chaises, everyone was baptized at the church that was opposite. The people remaining in Moscow walked on both sides of the carriages, seeing them off.
Natasha had rarely experienced such a joyful feeling as the one she was experiencing now, sitting in the carriage next to the countess and looking at the walls of an abandoned, alarmed Moscow slowly moving past her. She occasionally leaned out of the carriage window and looked back and forth at the long train of wounded preceding them. Almost ahead of everyone, she could see the closed top of Prince Andrei's carriage. She did not know who was in it, and every time, thinking about the area of ​​​​her convoy, she looked for this carriage with her eyes. She knew she was ahead of everyone.
In Kudrin, from Nikitskaya, from Presnya, from Podnovinsky, several trains similar to the Rostov train arrived, and carriages and carts were already traveling in two rows along Sadovaya.
While driving around the Sukharev Tower, Natasha, curiously and quickly examining the people riding and walking, suddenly cried out in joy and surprise:
- Fathers! Mom, Sonya, look, it’s him!
- Who? Who?
- Look, by God, Bezukhov! - Natasha said, leaning out of the carriage window and looking at a tall, fat man in a coachman’s caftan, obviously a dressed-up gentleman by his gait and posture, who, next to a yellow, beardless old man in a frieze overcoat, approached under the arch of the Sukharev Tower.
- By God, Bezukhov, in a caftan, with some old boy! By God,” said Natasha, “look, look!”
- No, it’s not him. Is it possible, such nonsense.
“Mom,” Natasha shouted, “I’ll give you a beating that it’s him!” I assure you. Wait, wait! - she shouted to the coachman; but the coachman could not stop, because more carts and carriages were leaving Meshchanskaya, and they were shouting at the Rostovs to get going and not delay the others.

Historical flag of the Czech Republic

Bohemia within the Czech Republic

Coat of arms of the Czech Kingdom

Bohemia(Czech Čechy, German Böhmen - Böhmen, from lat. Boiohaemum, Bohemia, homeland of the Boys) - a historical region in Central Europe, occupying the western half of the modern one, an obsolete German name for the Czech Republic itself - the territory of the historical settlement of the Czechs.

Geographical position

Currently, Bohemia, along with Moravia and Czech Silesia, is part of.

Area - 52,750 km². It borders in the north and southwest with, in the northeast with, in the east with Moravia, and in the south with. Bohemia's population is about 6.25 million.

The territory of Bohemia is surrounded on four sides by mountains:

In the southwest - the Bohemian Forest (Šumava) mountain range (border with (Mühlviertel mountains) and Bavaria)

In the northwest - the Ore Mountains (border with)

In the north and northeast are the Sudeten Mountains (border with Upper Lusatia and)

In the east and south - the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands (border with Moravia and the Waldviertel Mountains)

This creates a natural landscape limited by the watersheds of the Vltava (Moldova) and Laba (Elbe) river basins (to the border with Germany). The Ohře (Eger) also flows into the Laba, whose sources are in Franconia (in the Fichtel Mountains). Thus, the southern borders of the Czech Republic have their part in the main European watershed.

The Danube and Oder basins occupy only 6.4% of the region's territory (3,184 km²), while the main part is occupied by the Elbe basin (48,772 km²).

The highest mountains in the Czech Republic are: Engelheiser (713 m), Bugberg (591 m), Georgenberg (455 m), Tokberg (853 m), Třemcinberg (822 m), Kubany (1358 m).

Administrative division

The modern borders of Bohemia are more than 1000 years old, only Egerland was annexed in the late Middle Ages.

Bohemia occupies two thirds of the territory of the Czech Republic.

The entire administrative-territorial units of the Czech Republic are located on the territory of Bohemia - the Central Bohemian Region, the Karlovy Vary Region, the Usti Region, and the Kralove Hrádec Region, as well as most of the Pardubice Region, about half of the territory of the region and one settlement.

The main cities are , Ceske Budejovice and .

Story

Commemorative plaque on the former Bohemian border. Nuremberg. Erlenstegenstrasse 122

The outdated name of the historical Czech Republic - Bohemia - comes from the name of the Celtic tribes of the Boii, who inhabited this territory for several centuries and were later forced out by other tribes. In 1526-1918 - “Bohemia” - the official name of the Czech Republic (without Moravia) as part of the Habsburg Empire (Austria-Hungary).

Term Bohemia also previously used in Russian historiography to designate the historical region of the Czech Republic and the Czech state in the Middle Ages, and is also (together with the concepts of Moravia and Czech Silesia) sometimes used in regional studies of modern Czechia.

Czech culture

The patron and national saint of the Czech Republic is Saint Wenceslas.

Bohemia was a region in which religious and ethnic contrasts were closely intertwined with each other. Thus, Bohemian culture was a synthesis of German, Czech and Jewish cultures. Writers such as Adalbert Stifter, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jaroslav Hasek, Franz Kafka, Karel Capek, Franz Werfel and Friedrich Thorberg, or composers Bedřich Smetana, Antonin Dvořák, Leos Janáček, Gustav Mahler, Boguslav Martinu, Frantisek Pravda and Viktor Ullmann drew their inspiration from inspiration from the country's rich cultural traditions. Newspaper in German “Tagblatt” (Russian) Daily newsletter) was considered one of the best newspapers of its time. The vibrant nature and history of Bohemia is described in George Sand's novel Consuelo.

The influence of Czech culture, especially on Austria, was not limited only to art and literature. Thus, Austrian cuisine borrowed many Czech dishes. Czech beer is also famous throughout the world. Typical dishes of Czech cuisine are dumplings, goulash and sweet flour dishes.

Bohemian glass or Czech glass is also well known in our country. Czech crystal products and costume jewelry are an integral part of the tourism industry. One cannot fail to mention the Kinski racehorses, a rare breed of horse bred in the Czech Republic since 1838 by Count Octavian Kinski.

Notable Facts

• The action of the fairy tale by Samuil Marshak and the play of the same name “Twelve Months”, written in 1942-1943. in the USSR, takes place precisely in mountainous Bohemia (then part of the Austrian Empire), at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. The tale is inspired by Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, where the main events are transferred to Bohemia.
• The historical flag of the Czech Republic and the modern flag, despite their external similarity, differ in aspect ratio.
• The asteroid (371) Bohemia is named after Bohemia.
• The world famous Bohemian glass is produced here.
• The hero of Stevenson's stories "The Suicide Club" and "The Rajah's Diamond" is Florizel, the fictional prince of Bohemia (in the famous Soviet film adaptation of these stories he appears as the "Prince of Bacardia").
• The hero of Arthur Conan Doyle's story "A Scandal in Bohemia" is its fictional monarch Wilhelm Gottsreich Sigismund von Ormstein.
• The events of the game Kingdom Come: Deliverance take place in Bohemia

see also

• Kingdom of Bohemia
• Bohemia and Moravia
• Sudetenland

Literature

• Hugh, Agnew (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Hoover Press, Stanford. ISBN 0-8179-4491-5

Links

• Bohemia
• Province of Bohemia - Czech Catholic Church - official website
• "Bohemia", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Norman Davies, Karin Friedrich and Robert Pynsent ( In Our Time, Apr. 11, 2002)
• Travel Destinations and Sights in Bohemia

Bohemia (Czech Čechy, German Böhmen - Bohmen, from Latin Boiohaemum, Bohemia, homeland of the Bohemia) is a historical region in Central Europe, occupying the western half of the modern state of the Czech Republic.

Geographical position

Currently, Bohemia, along with Moravia and Czech Silesia, is part of the Czech Republic. Area - 52,750 km². It borders on Germany to the north and southwest, Poland to the northeast, Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia's population is about 6.25 million. The territory of Bohemia is surrounded on four sides by mountains: In the southwest - the Bohemian Forest (Sumava) mountain range (border with Austria (Mühlviertel mountains) and Bavaria) In the northwest - the Ore Mountains (border with Saxony) In the north and northeast - Sudeten Mountains (border with Upper Lusatia and Silesia) In the east and south - the Bohemian-Moravian Upland (border with Moravia and the Waldviertel Mountains) This creates a natural landscape limited by the watersheds of the Vltava (Moldova) and Laba (Elbe) river basins (up to border with Germany). The Ohře (Eger), whose sources are located in Franconia (in the Fichtel Mountains), also flows into the Laba. Thus, the southern borders of the Czech Republic have their part in the main European watershed. The Danube and Oder basins occupy only 6.4% of the region's territory (3,184 km²), while the main part is occupied by the Elbe basin (48,772 km²). The highest mountains in the Czech Republic are: Engelheiser (713 m), Bugberg (591 m), Georgenberg (455 m), Tokberg (853 m), Třemcinberg (822 m), Kubany (1358 m).

Administrative division

The modern borders of Bohemia are more than 1000 years old, only Egerland was annexed in the late Middle Ages. Bohemia occupies two thirds of the territory of the Czech Republic. The administrative-territorial units of the Czech Republic are entirely located on the territory of Bohemia - the Prague Metropolitan Region, the Central Bohemian Region, the Pilsen Region, the Karlovy Vary Region, the Usti Region, the Liberec Region and the Kralove Hradeck Region, as well as most of the Pardubice Region, about half of the territory of the Vysočina Region and one settlement South Moravian region. The main cities are Prague, Pilsen, Liberec, Ústí nad Labem, Ceske Budejovice and Hradec Králové.

The outdated name of the historical Czech Republic - Bohemia - comes from the name of the Celtic tribes of the Boii, who inhabited this territory for several centuries and were later forced out by other tribes. In 1526-1918 - “Bohemia” - the official name of the Czech Republic (without Moravia) as part of the Habsburg Empire (Austria-Hungary). The term Bohemia was also previously used in Russian historiography to designate the historical region of the Czech Republic and the Czech state in the Middle Ages, and is also (together with the concepts of Moravia and Czech Silesia) sometimes used in regional studies of modern Czechia.

Czech culture

The patron and national saint of the Czech Republic is Saint Wenceslas. Bohemia was a region in which religious and ethnic contrasts were closely intertwined with each other. Thus, Bohemian culture was a synthesis...