Ostankino description. What's inside the Ostankino Tower? The beginning of the creation of the TV tower

More than 35 years ago, on November 4, 1967, color television screens lit up in Moscow - the Ostankino television center began broadcasting with transmitters and antennas located on the world's tallest television tower. Today the Ostankino TV Tower is recognized as an architectural monument and an engineering achievement. Its height is 533 meters. The Ostankino Tower is not only a useful structure; since its construction, the structure has become one of the symbols of the capital of Russia.

History of the Ostankino TV tower

Until 1948, television broadcasting was carried out from studios on Shabolovka through antennas raised to the Shukhov Tower. But the number of programs was rapidly increasing, in addition, it was necessary to improve the quality of the television signal and expand the reception area of ​​television and radio broadcasting programs from 60 to 120 km. The decision to build the station was made in the mid-50s. As a result of a serious competitive selection of projects, preference was given to the work of Doctor of Technical Sciences N.V. 33 design organizations, 40 specialized construction and installation departments and dozens of manufacturing plants with their own design bureaus took part in the subsequent design and construction.

Architect Nikolai Vasilyevich Nikitin was born in 1907 in Tobolsk. After graduating from the architectural department of the construction faculty of the Tomsk Technological Institute, he worked on the construction of a number of objects, designed many high-rise buildings in Moscow (including the Moscow State University building on the Lenin Hills), and the stadium in Luzhniki. His ideas were used in the construction of the Motherland monument on Mamayev Kurgan in . In 1932, according to his project, a wind power plant was created in. Many solutions embodied in this project were used in the construction of the Ostankino TV and Radio Broadcasting Tower.

Construction began in 1960, but immediately after the construction of the tower began, it was decided to suspend work due to doubts about the reliability of the soil. Only 2 years later, in the summer of 1963, work resumed, but the foundation had to be strengthened several times. After studying the problem, its cross-section was increased by 1.5 m in width and 2.25 m in height. All ten of its edges were compressed with a reinforced concrete cage. As a result, the foundation area was 1940 m2, and the weight was 20 thousand tons (the weight of the entire tower was 55 thousand tons), i.e. 40% of the mass of the entire structure.

Construction of the tower was completed in 1964, the total duration of construction work was 54 months.

For the first time, it was decided to place all transmitting stations in the tower itself. This was bold, since previously all over the world stations were located not in television towers, but in separate buildings that were located nearby.

In 1970, the designer of the Ostankino television tower, Doctor of Technical Sciences N.V. Nikitin, and the team of authors headed by him were awarded the Lenin Prize. Participants in the project: B. A. Zlobin - chief engineer of the project, deputy chief architect of Moscow D. I. Burdin, chief engineer of the State All-Union Design Institute M. A. Shkud, director of the design institute "Promstalkonstruktsiya" L. N. Shchipakin.

External and internal structure of the Ostankino TV tower

The tower is a hollow shell made of monolithic concrete, conical in shape, with a powerful base and an elongated top. Inside the base, along the entire length, they placed electric power cables, communication cables, water pipes, sewerage, elevator shafts (a high-speed elevator lifts people 300 meters in 50 seconds) and a metal staircase connecting all floors of the tower. The main equipment of the transmitting stations with all technical services is located on 16 floors of the lower conical part of the structure. The main television transmitter hall is located on the fifth floor. All equipment of four transmitting television stations is combined into a ring. Above is the technical floor. The sixth floor houses transmitters and sixth television programs. On the seventh floor, radio and television control rooms are located around the inner circular corridor. The remaining area was given over to separate television and radio services. The entire height of the walls is covered by 150 ropes, which are attached to the wall every 7 m. Each of the 150 ropes is stretched with a force of 70 tons.

The all-Union radio and television transmitting station was created as a multi-purpose facility. Television transmitters were immediately installed here, designed to simultaneously demonstrate five black or color television programs with sound; VHF broadcast transmitters for six programs, including two stereo; junction station of television radio relay lines for 18 main directions. We installed a station for switching programs for long-distance exchange, cable highways and space television communication channels, as well as a station for receiving and switching eight programs from mobile television stations. New powerful television and radio transmitters in the meter and decimeter ranges were developed for the transmitting station.

Ostankino TV tower today

Today the height of the Ostankino tower is 540 m, which is almost 300 m higher than the building of Moscow University on the Lenin Hills and 215 m higher than the famous one in Paris. Despite this height, the concrete tower cannot topple: its center of gravity does not and will never go beyond the support area, which is limited by a foundation ring with a diameter of 60 meters. And the center of gravity is at a height of 110 meters along the axis of the structure.

Ostankino Tower is very attractive for tourists. Three high-speed elevators take visitors to observation decks, the highest of which is at 337 m. In the good one, you can climb two openwork stairs to an open balcony located at an altitude of 340.8 m. This observation deck also serves as the lobby of the Seventh Heaven restaurant. . There are wardrobes, entrances to elevator halls, a medical room and bathrooms. From here, diners descend the stairs to one of the restaurant's three floors. Each room has 24 four-seater tables placed along the exterior windows. The restaurant is mobile: to view the panorama of the city, the ring with tables rotates around the axis of the tower 1-3 times per hour.

In addition to the main observation deck, there are two more - at levels 147 and 269 m, where they rise when the weather is strong. Over the entire period of its existence, the observation deck and the high-rise restaurant “Seventh Heaven” were visited by 10 million people.

Construction work continues on the tower today. In particular, due to the fire in 2000, its restoration is still underway. According to chief engineer Alexander Demyanov, after reconstruction, the height of the Ostankino TV tower will reach 562 m. The height will increase by 22 m by replacing the flagpole with additional antennas - their installation will make it possible to improve the quality of broadcasting and increase the area of ​​reliable TV signal reception.

The Ostankino TV tower was put into operation on April 30, 1967 and very quickly became one of the landmarks of the capital and one of its symbols. Next, we offer a look at how the construction of this unique structure, once considered the tallest building in the world, proceeded.

The design of the architectural and construction part of the television tower was developed by the Central Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Buildings and Sports Facilities. Team of authors: design engineer N. Nikitin, architects D. Burdin, L. Batalov, V. Milashevsky, design engineer B. Zlobin, plumbing engineer T. Melik-Arakelyan. Separate parts of the project were developed by Mosproekt-1 and 19 other design organizations. The general design organization is GSPI of the USSR Ministry of Communications. The technological part of the project is carried out by a team of authors under the leadership of engineer I. Ostrovsky.

The tower, which weighs more than 32 thousand tons, was erected on a monolithic circular reinforced concrete foundation with a width of 9.5 meters, a height of 3 meters and a diameter (circumscribed circle) of 74 meters. In the decagonal reinforced concrete strip of the foundation, using a system of ring-stressed reinforcement (it consists of 104 bundles, each bundle has 24 wires with a diameter of 5 millimeters each), a preliminary stress is created - each bundle is tensioned with hydraulic jacks with a force of about 60 tons.

The foundation is laid in the ground to a depth of 4.65 meters. It was assumed that it would settle by 3-3.5 centimeters. The tower's stability against overturning has a six-fold margin.

The reinforced concrete support of the entire structure is a thin-walled conical shell supported by ten reinforced concrete “legs” on the foundation benches. The diameter of the lower base of this shell is 60.6 meters, and at a height of 63 meters it is 18 meters. The upper part of the reinforced concrete shaft, starting from a height of 321 meters, is made in the form of a cylinder with an outer diameter of 8.1 meters. The thickness of the walls at the base of the tower is 50 cm.

In the center of the conical base, on a separate foundation (a round reinforced concrete slab with a diameter of 12 meters and a thickness of 1 meter), a reinforced concrete glass with a height of 63 meters and a diameter of 7.5 meters was erected. This glass contains high-speed elevators, power cables, communication cables, a shaft with water supply and sewer risers and an emergency steel staircase. The ends of the beams of fifteen interfloor ceilings rest on the glass; a staircase runs between the glass and the conical base. The construction of separate foundations for two independent structures - the tower and the glass - allows different pressures to be transferred to the ground when they are unevenly settled.

Under the influence of wind load, the upper part of the tower can oscillate, and the deflection of its top in strong winds can reach 10 meters. With winds that occur in Moscow quite often, on average once a week, visitors to observation decks and restaurants will feel the vibrations of the tower in approximately the same way as the rocking of a ship with an amplitude of 8 centimeters with a period of vibration of 10 seconds.

There is another “enemy” at the tower. This is the Sun. Due to one-sided heating, the trunk moves (from curvature) at the top by 2.25 meters, and at the level of the observation platforms - by 0.72 meters. To reduce deformations from wind loads and from one-sided heating, 150 steel cables were stretched at a distance of 50 millimeters from the inner surface of the barrel. Their total tension force is 10,400 tons, which is the weight of an ocean-going steamer. The cables will take on tensile forces and protect the concrete from cracks, and, consequently, the reinforcement from corrosion.

Several metal antennas with a total height of 148 meters are installed on the reinforced concrete part of the tower. The antennas are made in the form of steel pipes. There are rigid diaphragms inside the pipes. A special elevator is used to service antennas up to a height of 470 meters. To inspect and dismantle vibrators, as well as periodically paint the steel structures of the antennas, 6 platforms with railings are installed and cradles are suspended.

During the construction of the tower, the latest achievements of construction technology were widely used. A unique tower crane BK-1000 with a lifting capacity of 16 tons (with a boom reach of 45 meters) assembled and installed metal structures. The tower trunk was constructed using the world's only self-elevating unit weighing about 300 tons. Concrete was delivered to this unit by elevators.

At a separate site, sections of metal antennas were assembled using a SKG-100 crawler crane (with a lifting capacity of 100 tons). This was a control assembly. At the same time, equipment was mounted on the antennas and vibrators were installed. Then the antenna sections were disassembled again, and their individual parts - drawers - were conveyed by crane to the loading area at a height of 63 meters. Then, using a special crane installed on the tower trunk, the first drawers were lifted to the top of the tower and mounted so that they went 10 meters inside its trunk. And after that the installation was carried out using a crawling crane.

After control assembly and adjustment of the antennas on the stand, individual mounting elements (tsents) weighing up to 25 tons are transferred by a crawler crane to the operating area of ​​the ring crane. It lifts the drawer to a transfer platform at a height of 63 m. An overhead crane, located at a height of 385 m, lifts the drawer to another transfer platform located at a height of 370 m. Then the self-lifting crane, moving along the mounted drawers, installs the newly arriving drawers on top of each other.

The last, topmost link is lifted by the crane from its middle. To maintain the vertical position of the link, its lower end is artificially weighted.

From a height of 385 m, the ring tracks of ground cranes are visible. In the foreground of the photo you can see a tarpaulin “skirt” with a rope frame. Behind it there are suspended scaffolds from which work is carried out to secure the outer formwork and inspect the outer surface of the concrete.

The Seventh Heaven restaurant at an altitude of 337 meters is ready to receive guests, 1967.

Workers service the high-speed elevator at the Ostankino TV tower, 1982.

On August 27, 2000, a fire occurred in the tower at an altitude of 460 m - then 3 floors were completely burned out. The premises were restored by 2008.

Over the 30 years of the tower’s existence, the observation deck and the Seventh Heaven restaurant have been visited by more than 10 million people.

Observation deck of the Ostankino TV tower.

View of Moscow from the observation deck of the Ostankino TV tower.

Tall, elegant, reliable, the Ostankino TV tower always attracts the eye and symbolizes television.
The first and last time I was at the tower was when I was at school, it was before the fire, so I wanted to go several times, but at first the tower was generally closed to visitors, then there were queues and registration for several months in advance. Now there are no problems visiting the tower. And if immediately after opening the tower was allowed only in groups of 90 people and the visiting session was limited to an hour, now up to 270 visitors can be on the tower at the same time (not counting workers) and although the session officially lasts an hour, no one will be kicked out, you can enjoy There are as many views from above as you want.
Well, I managed not only to climb the observation tower and visit the restaurant, but also to look into the technical rooms and look at the tower from the inside

1. The tower project was invented almost in one day. The author of the tower project, architect Nikitin, came up with the design of the Ostankino TV tower in one night. The architect Nikitin made calculations on a sheet of paper at night, and in the morning he showed them to his colleagues. And the prototype of the tower was an inverted lily.

2. There was no official opening. The tower was supposed to be ready by the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution, but construction was not completed by the appointed date. Then we used a trick. On November 5, 1967, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the October Socialist Revolution, an Act of the State Commission on acceptance of the first stage of construction of the tower was signed. Premises with configured transmitters were already ready to conduct the signal from the television center to the antenna. There was no restaurant, observation deck or elevators. All this was launched only in 1969.

3. The depth of the tower’s foundation is only 4 meters, although according to building codes, the foundation of a building 500 meters high should be more than 40 meters. The center of gravity of the tower is at an altitude of 110 meters. It is its low location that allows the tower to stand stably on a foundation only four meters deep.

4. The tower is built from prestressed reinforced concrete. And the rigidity of the structure is ensured by tensioned steel cables. The most amazing thing is that reinforced concrete only becomes stronger over the years. And if after construction the hardness of the tower was 4 units, now it is about 7 .

5. The floors in the tower are called "levels" . The mark number corresponds to the level height in meters. The floors end at the same place where the “lily flower” turns into a reinforced concrete “stem”. The last one is 11th.
And in the elevator, the height in meters is written on the buttons, so to go up to the observation deck you have to press the button number 337.

The tower is nothing more than a hollow pipe that tapers with height. The 85th mark is the widest part of this pipe. The famous cables are installed here - rope reinforcement, which provides pre-stressing of the concrete. Also, before the fire in 2000, excursions were taken here, so there is a small fenced area inside from which you can see how the tower is built inside.

Artifacts have been preserved here.


Anatoly Grigorievich Volkov, deputy head of the service for repair, maintenance and adjustment of radio and television systems, has been working on the tower since 1966.
Now Volkov’s service monitors 80 transmitters at once. Anatoly Grigorievich smiles condescendingly and says that, despite the notorious technical progress, work used to be more interesting - they wrote scientific articles, developed transmitters, but now they only repair and service foreign equipment.
And after the fire in 2000, the elevators did not work and for two months workers had to climb the tower on foot, and this 1704 steps. And in order to climb from below to the top of the tower to where the antennas are installed, it may take from 1.5 to 2 hours.

The speed of the elevators depends on the wind speed and the sway of the tower. The elevators go up at two speeds: 7 and 3.5 m/s. When the wind speed is more than 15 m/s, the elevators switch to a lower speed; at a speed of 19-20 m/s, they turn off completely. According to safety rules, it is prohibited to climb the tower in such weather.

It is also prohibited for children under 7 years of age to climb the tower, people with disabilities and all those who, due to their physical condition, in the event of an emergency, will not be able to go down the stairs from the observation deck.

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The Ostankino Tower in Moscow is a television and radio broadcasting tower with a height of 540 meters. Among the tallest buildings in the world, it ranks fourth after the Burj Khalifa skyscraper in Dubai, television towers in Guangzhou and Toronto (in Canada). The Ostankino Tower in Moscow remains the tallest in Europe and Asia.

Ostankino Tower in Moscow - history

In 1957, it was decided to build a television tower in order to place a television antenna on it. For high-quality radio signal reception, it had to be placed at an altitude of at least 380 meters. The chief designer was N. Nikitin. He came up with the TV tower project overnight. An inverted lily, a flower with strong petals and a stem, became the image of the planned structure. The stability of the TV tower is determined by the same principle as in Vanka-Vstanka. Chief architect - L.I. Batalov. Architects D.I. Burdin, M.A. also took part in the construction. Shkud and L.I. Shchipakin. The TV tower was built from 1963 to 1967. On November 5, 1967, the broadcast of four television and three radio broadcast programs began. Powerful transmitters ensured reception of programs at a distance of 120 km from the tower. The new television center at 12 Akademika Korolev Street also opened its doors. At that time, the television tower became the tallest building in the world.

Ostankino Tower in Moscow - characteristics

The design of the television tower is a hollow reinforced concrete pipe compressed by steel cables. The TV tower consists of two parts - a heavy base and a lighter mast. This solution made its design simple and durable. Also a progressive idea was the use of a shallow foundation. Its depth is about 4.6 meters. N. Nikitin’s idea was that the television tower should practically stand on the ground. Stability is ensured due to the multiple excess of the mass of the base over the mass of the mast part. At first it was planned to build a television tower with 4 supports, then to increase stability their number was increased to 10. The observation deck is located at an altitude of 337 meters. Its diameter is 21 meters. The main equipment of the transmitting stations with all technical services is located on 16 floors of the lower conical part of the structure. Above the observation deck there are four more levels on which transformers, water pumps and other equipment are located. The mass of the TV tower with its foundation is about 55 thousand tons. The usable area of ​​the premises is 15,000 sq.m. The maximum deviation of the top of the television tower in a force 14 wind - hurricane - is 12 meters. Currently, 5 out of 7 elevators operate on the TV tower. 4 high-speed German elevators reach speeds of up to 7 m/sec. Two passenger elevators have 13 stops, a freight elevator - 47, and a restaurant elevator - 9. The service elevator was built at the Shcherbinsky Elevator Plant. In good weather, the viewing radius from the observation deck is about 60 km. You can see the capital and the surrounding Moscow region. The observation deck has a glass floor.

Fire at the Ostankino Tower in Moscow

On August 27, 2000, at an altitude of 460 meters, a fire started due to a fire in the broadcasting equipment. Three people died in the fire - internal service colonel Vladimir Arsyukov, elevator operator Svetlana Loseva and technical worker Alexander Shipilin, who saved visitors and staff of the television tower. The high temperature caused the elevator cable to break, and the cabin they were in fell down from a height of 250 meters. More than 350 people were evacuated from the premises of the television tower during the fire.

Restaurant "Seventh Heaven" on the Ostankino Tower in Moscow

After the excursion to the observation deck, visitors to the television center could have a good lunch in the restaurant. At an altitude of 328 - 334 meters under the observation deck of the TV tower there is the Seventh Heaven restaurant. It occupies three floors and is located approximately at the 112th floor level of ordinary houses. The restaurant halls have a diameter of 18 meters. The ring-shaped premises of the restaurant performed circular rotations around their axis at a speed of 1-3 revolutions per hour. During the operation of the TV tower, the restaurant was visited by more than 10 million people. The restaurant is currently closed. An investor is needed to repair and restore it.

Ostankino Tower in Moscow - information for tourists

If you have purchased a ticket for an excursion to the TV tower, you will visit the television center building. You will learn about the history of creation, architecture and technical capabilities of the TV tower. Also take a 58-second high-speed elevator ride to the observation deck located at an altitude of 337 meters. There are two indicators in the elevator. One shows the altitude level, and the other shows meters. The TV tower has seven levels. The observation deck is located on the seventh level. Binoculars and spotting scopes are available at the site.

The Ostankino Tower in Moscow is one of the symbols of the capital and Russia.

Television and radio broadcasting tower located in Moscow. Currently the fourth tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa skyscraper (since July 21, 2007, the tallest building in the world, height 828 m), the CN Tower in Toronto (553.33 m) and the KVLY-television and radio tower TV in Blanchard, USA (628 m).
The tallest building in Europe.

Height 540 m (originally the height of the tower was 533 m, but then the flagpole was added).
The height of the concrete part is 385 m.
The height of the base above sea level is 160 m.
The depth of the foundation does not exceed 4.6 m.
The mass of the tower together with the foundation is 51,400 tons.
The conical base of the structure rests on 10 supports; the average diameter between the legs is 60 m.
The ring sections of the tower barrel are compressed with 149 ropes.
The total volume of premises and high-rise buildings is 70,000 m³.
The useful area of ​​the tower premises is 15,000 m².
Maximum theoretical deflection of the tower top at maximum design wind speeds of 12 m.
The main observation deck is located at an altitude of 337 m.
The tower contains 5 freight and 4 passenger elevators.
The area of ​​reliable TV signal reception from the tower is 120 km and covers an area with a population of about 20 million people.

Chief designer N.V. Nikitin. Engineers M.A. Shkud and B.A. Zlobin. Architects D. Burdin, M.A. Shkud and L.I. Shchipakin.

Construction of the tower took place from 1963 to 1967. At that time it was the largest high-rise building in the world. The idea of ​​using prestressed reinforced concrete, compressed by steel cables, made it possible to make the structure of the tower simple and strong. Another progressive idea was the use of a relatively shallow foundation: according to Nikitin’s plan, the tower was supposed to practically stand on the ground and its stability was ensured by the mass of the helmet-base being many times greater than the mass of the mast structure.

The Seventh Heaven restaurant is located at an altitude of 328-334 m and occupies 3 floors. The ring-shaped premises of the restaurant perform circular rotations around their axis at a speed of one to three revolutions per hour. Over the entire period, the observation deck and the high-rise restaurant “Seventh Heaven” were visited by over 10 million guests.

On August 27, 2000, there was a severe fire in the tower. The fire was located at an altitude of 460 m. 3 floors were completely burned out. In the process of extinguishing the fire, fire crew commander Vladimir Arsyukov, elevator operator Svetlana Loseva and repairman Alexander Shipilin died. During the fire, several dozen cables that provided prestressing to the concrete structure of the tower burst due to high temperatures, but despite reasonable fears, the tower survived. The cables were subsequently restored.

The observation deck on the Ostankino TV tower was repaired and reopened to the public on April 7, 2009.

On August 12, 2012, engineer Lev Shushkevich died as a result of a false alarm of the fire extinguishing system at the Ostankino TV tower.