Distribution of mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes Report on mud volcanoes

Mud volcanoes or salsas (on the Kerch Peninsula - vomits, in Sicily - macalubes, near Rome - bollitores) are low cones with a hole at the top, from which various gases are released and black-blue and gray liquid mud periodically erupts. G. volcanoes fall into two groups, different in origin and in the products delivered to the earth's surface. The first group includes volcanoes located in volcanic countries; they are located in the vicinity of active volcanoes and are nothing more than volcanic fumaroles passing randomly through layers of clay and volcanic ash. Water vapor softens these rocks and turns them into viscous mud, which, together with water vapor, is thrown onto the earth's surface. A distinctive feature of these hydrocarbon volcanoes is the high temperature of the products they deliver, the abundant release of water vapor, and the absence of gaseous hydrocarbons during eruptions (for gas volcanoes associated with volcanic activity, as well as for the areas of distribution and products of all gas volcanoes in general, see also Volcanoes ). G. volcanoes of the second group have no relationship with real volcanoes and are characterized by a relatively low temperature of eruption products, a small amount of water vapor among these products, and the predominance of hydrocarbons over other gases. Such volcanoes are usually found in the immediate vicinity of oil fields. Their origin is most likely explained by the fact that along with oil, gaseous hydrocarbons are always found in rock layers. These latter, accumulating in greater and greater numbers and undergoing significant pressure, break through the rocks that include them in the direction of least resistance, i.e., towards the earth's surface. Moreover, in some cases, gases, without encountering obstacles from the overlying rocks, are released through cracks; such are, for example, the release of mountain gases in the vicinity of the city of Baku, known as eternal fires, and similar phenomena in some areas of the North. America. In order for a volcano to form itself, a necessary condition is the meeting of rising gases with an underground accumulation of water and the joint softening by both agents of the overlying clayey rocks, which are squeezed out in the form of mud along with the gases onto the earth’s surface. Such favorable conditions for the formation of geothermal volcanoes exist only in a few places on the globe: on the Apennine Peninsula, Sicily, Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and the Center. America, but the most numerous and interesting Georgian volcanoes are the Taman and Kerch peninsulas and the environs of the city of Baku, studied by academician. Abikhom. On the Taman Peninsula of Greece, volcanoes or, as they are called here, vomits, are located in several rows or chains, in which individual hills rise up to 400 m above the surrounding area. Particularly interesting here are Karabetova Mountain not far from Taman, 60 m high, and Kuko-Obo, or Peklo, rising in a regular cone 76 m high almost on the very shore of the sea. A particularly strong eruption of the first G. volcano in 1835 began with underground shocks and vibrations of the soil, which were felt over 50 km in circumference, and after 3 days, pieces of dirt were thrown out in abundance from the hole at the top of the vomit to a height of up to 12 m, and A strong oil smell spread to the surrounding area. In the crater of another neighboring G. volcano, a liquid mass bubbles almost constantly and gases burst out in bubbles, dragging along pieces of dirt. A strong eruption of the Peklo volcano was observed in 1794 by Pallas. It also began with a deafening noise and an earthquake; then a high column of fire rose from the crater (probably from an oil flash), accompanied by clouds of smoke, and 6 streams of mud poured out, delivering a total of about 650,000 cubic meters to the earth's surface. m of material.

The volcanoes of the coast of the Caspian Sea, the environs of the city of Baku and the Absheron peninsula are also located in rows, probably along fracture cracks in rocks, and are found not only on land, but also on the islands of the Caspian Sea. Most of the Caspian volcanoes (there are over 84 of them near Baku) have the form of low flat cones with a hole at the top, rarely exceeding 2 m in diameter. Liquid blue-black dirt is constantly observed in the holes, from which gases are released in bubbles. From time to time, the release of these latter intensifies, and along with them pieces of dirt fly out. There are, however, larger volcanoes here, which from time to time produce strong eruptions, with mud pouring out of them in the form of powerful streams. These are: Ag-Sibir, rising 140 m; Toragay - 426 m above sea level; the length of the major axis of its elliptical crater is 420 m, the minor axis is 890 m; the last eruption occurred in 1841; Bandovan; Kizilkeshti; Arsena, a typical G. volcano, the elliptical crater of which is equal to ⅔ of the crater of Vesuvius, and, finally, Lok Batan, a strong eruption of which took place on January 5-8, 1887, and, in addition to a large amount of gases, dirt and stones flying out of the crater, a stream of mud up to 300 m long, 200 m wide and 2 m thick poured out, consisting of bluish-gray silt mixed with pieces of sandstone, often permeated with oil. Hydrogen volcanoes also exist at the bottom of the Caspian Sea, and many islands (Bulla - 60 m high, 2400 m long and 1350 m wide, Sanki-Mugan, Svinoy, etc.) are products of the activity of these underwater hydrovolcanoes. New islands of the same origin are often formed in the Caspian Sea, but usually they are short-lived. Thus, a new island that appeared here in 1861, called Abikh "Kumani", lasted only a few months; finally, very recently, at the beginning of 1892, an island of similar origin was again discovered, the rapid and unexpected appearance of which gave rise to the assumption that it fell from the sky. Oh Russian. G. volcanoes, see: Abich, “Ueber eine im Kaspischen Meere erschienene Insel nebst Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Schlammvulcane” (St. Petersburg, 1863); his, Einleitende Grundzüge der Geologia der Halbinsel Kertsch und Taman" (St. Petersburg, 1865); also Sjogren, "Ueber die petrographische Beschaffenheit des eruptiven Schlammes" and "Der Ausbruch des Schlammvulcan Lok-Batan" ("Verch. und Jahrb. k. k. Geolog. Reichsanstalt" 1887).
. Polenov.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

See what “Mud volcanoes” are in other dictionaries:

Salsas, mud hills, macalubs, geological formations of various shapes, constantly or periodically erupting mud masses and gases onto the surface of the Earth, often with water and oil. Found mainly in oil-bearing and... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Mud volcano in the vicinity of the city of Gobustan Azerbaijan ranks first in the world in terms of the number of mud volcanoes. To Azerbaijan... Wikipedia

- (on the Kerch Peninsula vomits, in Sicily macalubs, near Rome bollitori) low cones with a hole at the top, from which various gases are released and black-blue and gray liquid mud is periodically erupted. G. volcanoes split into two... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

mud volcanoes- Volcanoes, the eruption products of which are represented by liquid mud. They are widespread in areas of modern volcanism and in areas of accumulation of hydrocarbon gases. [Dictionary of geological terms and concepts. Tomsk State University]… … Technical Translator's Guide

Mud volcano near the Salton Sea. Mud volcano is a geological formation that is a hole or depression on the surface of the earth (salza) or a cone-shaped elevation with a crater (mud hill), makaluba, from which constantly ... Wikipedia

Who among us has not dreamed of taking a mud bath under the warm summer rays - and doing this not in some sanatorium under the supervision of a vigilant nurse, but lying in the healing thick slurry of a mud volcano, so dense that there is no fear of going to the bottom.

A mud volcano is a hole or hill formed in the ground with a crater, where mud masses and gases, often mixed with groundwater and oil, rise through a vent from the depths of our planet. Geologists have discovered about eight hundred formations of this type on our planet, half of which are located in the Caspian Sea region (three hundred of them are in the territory of East Azerbaijan).

Mud volcanoes are widespread in a rather limited space - in the region of the Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific and Central Asian mobile belts, forming primarily in oil-bearing regions - a mud hill usually arises independently, by itself, and in zones of active volcanic activity - in the form of their fumaroles can be found either on the slopes of fire-breathing mountains, or not far from them.

Volcanoes from oil-bearing areas

The way a mud hill forms in an area where oil occurs is somewhat different from how it appears as a satellite of a magmatic volcano. Oil or natural gas located in the bowels of the earth constantly release flammable gases that escape upward through cracks in the earth's crust.

If the cracks are located where underground water is located, then flammable gases push the liquid upward, where it mixes with the soil, forming a mud volcano.

Along with groundwater, oil often rises to the top in small quantities, providing clear evidence of the presence of a valuable deposit in the area. Such volcanoes can be either permanent or periodic (the latter option is more common), as well as active, extinct, buried, underwater, island and abundantly releasing oil.

How mud volcanoes erupt

The mud volcanoes that we have the opportunity to observe now appeared as a result of a huge number of eruptions, which first began to show their activity several million years ago (for example, geologists have absolutely established that in the Caucasus this process began about 35 million years ago) .

If the clay released during eruptions was of a dense consistency, a cone appeared at the site of the eruption; if it was liquid, a hole was formed.

Since mud volcano eruptions do not last long, geologists rarely have the opportunity to track this process from beginning to end (this especially applies to hills that are located far from populated areas). Therefore, they usually manage to arrive just in time for the end of mud volcanic activity - and they learn about how everything happened mainly from people who were lucky enough to be at the scene of events at that moment. The activity of a mud volcano is usually characterized by two stages.

Active (paroxysmal)

It is characterized by a powerful ejection of gases and mud, which includes various rock fragments, from the main eruptive center. This picture looks quite impressive. First, there is a hum, a roar, an explosion and the release of a huge amount of dirt, after which the carbohydrate gases spontaneously ignite, as a result of which a column of fire is formed about 250 meters high and small particles of ejected rocks completely melt.

Together with the fire, a huge number of rock fragments (breccia) fly up, which, having reached a height of 120 meters, begins to fall down and completely fills the crater. If the channel of a mud volcano remains free and the breccia has not been able to completely plug it, after some time active hills appear here.

Passive (griffon-salsa)

After the eruption ends, the volcano still remains active, as evidenced by the release of a small volume of gases, dirt and water with oil particles from the secondary eruptive centers.

The role of mud volcanoes in the life of modern man

It is not for nothing that scientists consider the mud hill a free exploration drilling site, since thanks to it they have the opportunity to study in detail the rock fragments, gases, and mineralized waters carried out of the ground - and thus obtain data not only on geochemical processes, but also on the natural resources of this terrain.

Due to the presence of chemical elements useful for the human body (boron, manganese, lithium, copper, etc.), the mud of such volcanoes is often used to treat various diseases. For example, one of the most popular volcanoes in Russia is the Tizdar mud volcano located on the coast of the Azov Sea, in the Sinyaya Balka tract.

During an extremely strong eruption that occurred about a hundred years ago, the cone of this mountain collapsed, as a result of which a crater was formed, in the middle of which there was a mud lake with a diameter of about 25 m. The mud in this lake never runs out and has a constant recharge: from the bowels of the volcano to the earth's the surface yields about 2.5 cubic meters per day. m. of healing consistency, and in the center of the crater you can see constant splashes of mud, which is brought to the surface by the crater of the volcano.

There are suggestions that the depth of Tizdar is about 25 meters, but scientists can only judge this theoretically, since due to the fact that the mud in the crater is extremely dense, there is currently no way to get to the bottom of the pool (thanks to this, swimming in the mud You can absolutely fearlessly in the lake, because in order to drown in it, you need to try very hard).

The Tizdar mud volcano (like all other similar formations) has a healing effect not only due to the useful minerals and chemical elements contained in the mud, but also due to the temperature factor, when under the influence of heat blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases and metabolism accelerates, due to which reduces or even eliminates inflammatory and painful processes occurring in the human body.

In the Krasnodar Territory, on the Taman Peninsula, there is a whole scattering of active volcanoes.

The volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula are one of the main natural resources of the Krasnodar region, because... They do not spew out molten magma, but valuable healing mud, which has been successfully used for many decades for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, such as:

1. Skin diseases (limited psoriasis, chronic eczema, ichthyosis, recovery period after burns and frostbite, scars after chemical burns and injuries, baldness, etc.).

2. Diseases of gynecology and urology (infertility, chronic cervicitis; chronic inflammatory processes of the genital organs; chronic pyelonephritis and cystitis, adhesions and much more).

3. Diseases in men (chronic prostatitis, chronic epididymitis, vesiculitis and orchitis, potency disorders, infertility, etc.).

4. Chronic respiratory diseases (bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation in the upper respiratory tract, etc.).

5. Diseases of the joints and muscles (bursitis, chronic arthritis, osteochondrosis, arthrosis, arthritis, heel spur, scoliosis, etc.).

6. Diseases of the digestive system (chronic gastritis, colitis, chronic pancreatitis and hepatitis, peptic ulcer without exacerbation, etc.).

Mud therapy is also effective in ENT diseases, cosmetology, and some diseases of the cardiovascular system. But we must remember that mud therapy also has contraindications and before using it it is necessary to undergo a full examination.

How to treat with mud and why mud heals

Healing mud is a complex natural biochemical complex that has a diverse effect on the human body. They have a thin, homogeneous structure, velvety to the touch, viscous and plastic consistency. Therefore, the mud application is easily applied to the skin and fits tightly, retaining heat well.

Temperature effect

Mud, like a good fur coat, retains heat for a long time and slowly (during the procedure) releases it to the patient. When the source of inflammation is heated by the mud “patty”, the vessels begin to dilate - blood and lymph flow improves, toxins are dispersed from the site of inflammation, the body is cleansed and pain sensations decrease.

Those. Therapeutic mud improves metabolic processes in the body. Other nutrients begin to flow to the sore spot as the supply of oxygen to the tissues improves.

Chemical exposure

Healing mud has such healing power because it contains a lot of biological substances and penetrates through the skin into the internal organs and bone tissue.

Antimicrobial properties of mud procedures

They fight staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli and other opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, therapeutic mud, which is also well absorbed into the body, is used not only externally.

Mud volcano Karabetova Sopka (Taman village)

The volcano is located on a high hill at the entrance to the village of Taman on the left side. Eruptions of varying degrees of intensity occur regularly. This is the largest active mud volcano on the Taman Peninsula. You can take healthy mud baths on the south-eastern slope, where a convenient mud lake has formed. Travel and access to the volcano is free. There is no recreational infrastructure there yet.

Mud volcano Hephaestus - Rotten Mountain (Temryuk city)

Hephaestus is the oldest explored volcano in the region, used for mud therapy. In the 60s of the 19th century there was a military hospital here. The healing properties of local mud have long been studied in detail. Baths will help get rid of diseases of the nervous system, will save you from polyarthritis, radiculitis, pyelonephritis. Hephaestus tries to create maximum amenities for visitors. The groups are met by a guide and taken along the main alley up the mountain to the mud volcanoes; there is an aquarium, cafe, and shooting range on the territory.

Mud volcano at Cape Pekla (Plevak volcano, Kuchugury village)

Three kilometers from the central beach of the village of Kuchugury, on Cape Pyokla, near the shore of the Azov Sea, there is a large active mud volcano - Plevak. While it is wild, you can take health treatments there completely free of charge. The number of people is usually minimal. You can get here by car, driving along a dirt road along the seashore, or walk in about 40 minutes. It is very convenient that there is a beautiful wild beach nearby: you can swim and wash off the dirt.

Mud volcano Tizdar (village For the Motherland)

Tizdar Volcano is perhaps the most visited mud volcano on the Taman Peninsula. It has a number of alternative names: Blue Beam, Azov Hill. The diameter of the crater is 25 meters. Inside the crater there is a lake, completely filled with a greasy, gray-blue clay mass, where everyone takes healing baths. Bathers plunge into the volcano without the risk of drowning and enjoy the unfamiliar, pleasant sensation of weightlessness. Experts have established the high value of mud from Tizdar. When used regularly, it treats a huge number of diseases.

Mud volcano Shugo (Varenikovskaya village)

Shugo is one of the largest active mud volcanoes in the Krasnodar region. It is located between the villages of Varenikovskaya and Gostagaevskaya. Unlike other mud volcanoes in the Taman region, located closer to the coast, there are almost always fewer tourists here, which allows you to relax more freely and fully enjoy the wild nature and healing factors of the volcano. Shugo mud is salty and oily, and has a dark gray color with a bluish tint. The mud solution contains a high content of iodine and bromine.

Mud volcano Akhtanizovskaya Sopka (Akhtanizovskaya village)

The volcano has a height of 67 meters above sea level. The main crater measures 23 meters x 13 meters and bubbles with dark gray mud. Now there is a real oasis of calm here, although a few decades ago the volcano was constantly “breathing”, spitting out another portion of liquid mud. New small ones periodically form next to the old crater. The volcano has not yet come to the point of commercial use; access and passage are free, and accordingly, there are no amenities of any kind.

Griffins are unique mini-volcanoes, up to 3 m in height, which usually do not exceed half a meter. Griffins spew silt, gas, water, oil and do not raise solid rock fragments to the surface at all. As a rule, their emissions are mud of varying consistency - from a thick cream-like solution to liquid silt. Mud volcanoes, widespread in both the western and eastern hemispheres of our planet, are a kind of “free exploration drilling” for geologists. the depth from which they deliver various rocks, gases and mineralized waters to the surface, sometimes reaching 10-12 km, is inaccessible to modern drilling technology. Mud volcanism is a very interesting and mysterious natural phenomenon, which is in close connection with the tectonic development of volcanic areas, as well as with the oil and gas potential of the subsoil. The mechanism of formation of such volcanoes is complex and still not entirely clear. The term “mud volcano” itself was controversial for a long time and became established in the geological literature relatively recently. The total number of mud volcanoes known on Earth exceeds 700. A significant number of them are located in the Caucasus. The largest area of their development is Azerbaijan. They are found on Sakhalin, Crimea, Mexico, Colombia, Italy, India, Japan, China and the Malay Archipelago. It is known that mud volcanoes originate in areas where folding movements are active and there are thick layers of sedimentary rocks. And this is not an accident - their formation requires a network of faults, which creates opportunities for gases to break through layers of sedimentary rocks, a multi-meter clay layer, which contributes to the occurrence of abnormally high reservoir gas pressures in the subsurface, and aquifers. Faults for gas deposits and aquifers play the role of migration channels. Gases and water carry clay and hard rocks with them and, during transportation to the surface, transform them into clays containing varying amounts of solid debris.

In addition to terrestrial ones, underwater mud volcanoes are also known. Their eruptions often lead to the formation of islands that are quickly eroded by waves. Areas of the sea where mud volcanoes are located are dangerous for navigation and must be marked in sailing directions. Some mud volcanoes are active more or less constantly, others erupt periodically. Eruptions of mud volcanoes, as a rule, do not threaten human life and do not cause material damage. In the photo: the 2001 eruption of the Loktaban mud volcano. Azerbaijan. Salsas are usually called funnels filled with silt in the form of underdeveloped half-cones. The largest of them, exceeding 30 m in diameter, are usually classified as mud volcanic lakes. An approaching eruption is usually indicated by the rise of the crater rim of the volcano to a noticeable height, active releases of dirt and gases, as well as roar and rumble. These signs allow you to leave a dangerous place in advance. A violent eruption of a mud volcano is the unloading of hydrocarbon gases accumulated in the depths, which, freed from pressure, rush upward through cracks. They spontaneously combust on the surface of the Earth. The height of the flame column can reach more than 500 m, and the combustion temperature is 1200°C. Along with the fire, a huge amount of dirt, rock debris and water is thrown high into the sky. This is a classic picture of a mud volcano eruption. In the photo: a mud cauldron in the Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka. A column of flame and streams of mud that accompanied the eruption of the Lokbatan mud volcano in October 2001.

Despite the rather local nature of the eruption of mud volcanoes, several cases of death of people and animals are known. Thus, in 1902, during a sudden eruption of the Bozdag-Kobi volcano in Azerbaijan, 6 shepherds and 2,000 sheep died. This happened because the shepherds decided to spend the night with their flock in the crater of the volcano, where there was a brackish lake that served as a watering hole. Both people and animals were burned alive in the flames that suddenly burst out of the ground. In 1932, reports appeared in the press about human casualties during the explosion of the Svinoy volcano in the Caspian Sea. All mud volcanoes are located along large tectonic zones and carry information about the oil and gas potential of the area. In addition, it was noted that the intensification of mud volcanic activity often accompanies or precedes earthquakes, as well as eruptions of magmatic volcanoes. Not far from the city of Wusu, located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Western China), a group of 40 mud volcanoes was found. This is the largest cluster of such volcanoes discovered in China. Mud volcanoes are direct signs of the existence of powerful oil and gas deposits. A connection has been established between mud volcanism and other minerals, primarily with deposits of iron ore of sedimentary origin, as well as with manifestations of sulfur, mercury, arsenic and some rare metals. By the way, volcanic mud is widely used in medicine. It has been established that it, enriched with mineral salts, organic substances and microelements, has a beneficial effect on the human body and is used to treat people suffering from diseases of the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, polyarthritis and polynephritis. © Around the world

MUD VOLCANOES OF THE KRASNODAR REGION

Research project

Krasnodar 2017

ANNOTATION

A research project consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion and an appendix.

This paper examines the conditions and mechanism of formation of mud volcanoes, their activity, eruption products, and the main factors of formation. Location of mud volcanoes on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory.

The topic of the work goes beyond the scope of the school curriculum, but the materials, results and conclusions of the project can be used in teaching geography and biology, which increasespractical significanceour work.

Research Plan

In the mouths of active volcanoes, gray gurgling mud is visible, through which bubbles of oil gases break through. The causes of mud volcanoes may be tectonic movements of the earth's crust, as a result of which clay mass, water and gases are squeezed to the surface where ruptures have formed during the growth of folds. Many believe that bathing in this mud, which is rich in hydrogen sulfide, iodine and bromine, has a beneficial effect on skin rejuvenation processes. But as active processes begin in the thickness of clay, sand, water and oil residues, tons of hydrogen sulfide mud are thrown to the surface.

The purpose of the work is to study the process of mud volcanic activity and identify the causes of the formation of a mud volcano. Perhaps there are oil deposits in the area of the mud volcano. Based on the above, this research work was organized, the purpose of which is to study the conditions and mechanism of formation of mud volcanoes. At the beginning of the study, it is necessary to dwell on the scientific significance of mud volcanism, characterize and study the main types of mud volcanoes and, further, find out which mud volcanoes are located on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory.

The object of study is mud volcanoes.

The subject of the research is the study of the process of mud volcanism.

In the process of work, we used scientific, theoretical and practical research methods.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

2.1. Conditions for the formation of mud volcanism

2. 2. Mechanism of mud volcanism

III. TYPES OF MUD VOLCANOES

CONCLUSION

Application

INTRODUCTION

Geological phenomena that occur with the participation of groundwater include the so-called mud volcanism. This is a relatively rare geological phenomenon of the eruption of liquid mud from the depths of the earth.

Thousands of people go to see the mud volcanoes of Kuban every year. The number of volcanoes ranges from 27 to 32. The mushy gray mud rises to the surface in bubbles of petroleum gases. The mud temperature in summer ranges from 12 to 20 degrees.

The only area in Russia and one of the largest areas of mud volcanism in the world is the Taman Peninsula. Currently, there are more than 1,700 above-water and underwater mud volcanic structures on Earth, but the highest of the existing ones is Karabetova Sopka (152 m), a natural monument of the Krasnodar Territory. The problem of volcanism has worried me for many years, since I was an eyewitness to this natural phenomenon and I was interested in the reasons for the emergence of mud volcanoes.

Karabetka Volcano is the highest mud volcanic structure not only in our country, but also on the planet, so studying the manifestations of mud volcanism on the territory of the Taman Peninsula is justified and natural. Mud volcanoes are not only an interesting tourist attraction and an extraordinary sight, but also a source of health and a cure for many diseases. In this regard, the topicrelevant. It is the study of this type of manifestation of internal forces in Taman that the work is devoted to. This predetermines hersignificance. More than 100 mud volcanic manifestations have been recorded in the northwestern part of the West Kuban depression.

Goal of the work – studythe process of mud volcanic activity, identifying the causes of the formation of a mud volcano. To achieve this goal, the following were decidedtasks :

get acquainted with current and historical information on the research topic;

get acquainted with the mud volcanoes of the Krasnodar region;

An object research - mud volcanoes of the Krasnodar region.

Item studies - studying the process of mud volcanism..

A.G. Durmishyan, considering the conditions for the formation of mud volcanoes, noted that the energetic prerequisite for their formation is an abnormally high reservoir pressure, which occurs only in steeply lying deposits with a large level of gas content. HELL. Arkhangelsky considered a tectonic solution to the problem, where the main factor is geodynamics (the development of diapiric folds, gentle thrusts and deep faults). V.N. Weber associated the formation of mud volcanoes with the formation and destruction of oil and gas fields, during which the excess pressure of hydrocarbon gases in oil deposits causes the breakthrough of mud breccias to the surface through the eruptive channels of volcanoes. A system of vertical and inclined channels through which a mass of dirt reaches the surface is the roots of volcanoes. Of particular interest is the assessment of the location of the roots of mud volcanoes. According to the analysis of the stratigraphic reference of solid emissions, the roots of the volcanoes of the Kerch Peninsula are located no deeper than the Miocene deposits, and those of Taman and the West Kuban depression - Eocene-Paleocene and Cretaceous. It follows that the roots of mud volcanoes still do not descend below the clayey deposits. This point of view is confirmed by the results of geophysical and geochemical studies and data relating inclusions to the stratigraphic scale of the region.

mud volcano eruption deposit

I . SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE OF MUD VOLCANISM

mud volcano eruption deposit

Mud volcanism is one of the unique geological phenomena that has long attracted the attention of researchers. Despite the fact that the first attempts to explain this phenomenon from a geological point of view date back to the end of the 18th century, its nature has not yet received an unambiguous interpretation. The study of mud volcanism, the geological conditions that predetermine its development, and the processes leading to the emergence of mud volcanoes on the Earth's surface is of great scientific and practical importance. Products of the eruption of mud volcanoes, the so-called mud volcanic breccias, carried to the earth's surface, contain fragments of rocks of various compositions and ages, which, when comprehensively studied by lithological and paleontological methods, supplemented by seismic data on the structure of the sedimentary strata, can serve as the basis for deciphering the geological structure and structure sedimentary section, sometimes accessible for direct geological observations.

The study of mud volcanoes is of great scientific and practical importance. Academician I.M. Gubkin established their close connection with oil and gas fields. And by studying the composition of solid eruption products, it is possible to determine from which layers and from what depth they were ejected. In other words, mud volcanoes serve as natural prospecting and exploration wells, delivering valuable geological material from the depths of the Earth to scientists free of charge.

Krasnodar geologists have established that the channels of the Taman mud hills descend into the Lower Cretaceous rocks, which contain large deposits of oil and gas. Volcanic eruptions took place here already in the Sarmatian century - 12-18 million years ago, as indicated by finds in the corresponding layers of buried hill breccia.

The largest oil fields in Taman are: Severo-Neftyanoe, Kapustina Balka, Zapadno-Neftyanoe, Zaporizhskoye, Zapadno-Akhtanizovskoye and others. Most of these deposits are currently not exploited and are mothballed.

II . REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF MUD VOLCANISM

1. Conditions for the formation of mud volcanism

Mud volcanoes are similar in appearance to magmatic volcanoes. These are cone-shaped structures with a truncated top. At the top there is a crater - a caldera with a flat bottom. The outer slopes of the cone are cut by radially diverging gullies.

The similarity with magmatic volcanoes is emphasized by the fact that the shape of the cone changes depending on the consistency of the erupted mud. The latter can be very thick and then, as a result of its outpouring, a high cone with steep slopes is built up. If the mass of mud is liquefied, then a low cone with gentle slopes is formed. The cones of mud volcanoes vary greatly in size. Their height ranges from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters. The similarity of mud volcanism with magmatic volcanism is also expressed in the fact that the eruption of mud volcanoes is often accompanied by fire arising from the spontaneous combustion of gases released from their vents. However, despite the similarity of external forms with real ones and the effective nature of the eruption, at the moment of which an explosion and combustion occurs, mud volcanoes have a number of specific features and are completely different in the conditions of origin, the dynamics of the volcanic focus, the mechanism and products of the eruption.

So, the necessary conditions for the manifestation of mud volcanism are:

The presence in the section of thick layers of plastic clays, which are required for the creation of diapiric cores and serve as the source material for the formation of hill breccia;

Accumulation of hydrocarbon gases, leading to the formation of high (anomalous) interstratal pressures within the volcanic source;

The presence of formation waters that soften clay rocks. The roots of mud volcanic centers go to great depths, crossing a thick layer of sedimentary rocks of the Neogene, including. and all the aquifers contained within it.

The combination of these conditions is not so common on Earth, which explains the limited occurrence of mud volcanism. There is a dependence: the presence of mud volcanoes always indicates deposits of oil and gas fields in the bowels of the Earth.

2. Mechanism of mud volcanism

The essence of mud volcanism is as follows. Combustible gases released from oil deposits (methane and some others) rise along tectonic faults to the surface and, encountering clay breccias liquefied by pressure waters, carry them to the surface. Thus, the pressure of oil gases is the main cause of mud volcanism, but without groundwater creating the erupting mud, it would also be unthinkable.

The eruption regime of mud volcanoes is varied. Sometimes the eruption occurs very calmly with liquid mud overflowing over the edge of the crater. A gas-mud bubble swells above the crater of the volcano, which bursts when the possible tension limits of the mud film are reached. If at this moment you bring a lit match, the gas will ignite.

In other cases, thick dirt is squeezed out of the crater very slowly, like Vaseline or an even thicker mass from a tube. The third type of mud volcano eruption is an explosion with spontaneous combustion of oil gas (Otman-Bozydag, Kyanizadag volcanoes, etc.).

The mechanism of action of mud volcanism is similar to the mechanism of action of a magmatic volcano. Mud volcanoes are common in both areas of tectonic compression and extension. As it moves up the channel, the liquefied pulp is a mixture of water, gas (mainly methane), fine clay-silty material and debris, which are parts of the various rocks that make up the sedimentary complex being intruded.

The main factor in the mechanism of mud volcanism is the formation of mud volcanic deposits. The deposits of a mud volcano brought to the surface are formed during the breakthrough of rocks of the overlying section. Rising to the surface, mud volcanic deposits assimilate rock samples from the section. Mud volcano deposits are a mixture of material cut through by a cut. Thus, mud volcanoes provide a unique opportunity to peer into the depths of a deep-sea sedimentary basin.

III . TYPES OF MUD VOLCANOES

A diagram of the structure of a mud volcano is shown in Fig. 1. In the vertical section of a mud volcano, its three main elements are distinguished: mud volcanic structure; supply or supply channel; area of the volcano roots.

In cross-section, a mud volcanic structure usually has the appearance of a hollow, often truncated cone. The cone is composed of hill breccia, the flows of which can have several generations. The transverse dimensions of mud volcanoes (the diameter of their base) vary widely - from a few hundred meters to almost 10 km. The height of mud volcanoes is relatively small compared to their diameter: even for the largest of them it rarely exceeds 300 m, so the steepness of the slopes of mud volcanoes is no more than a few degrees. Such mud volcanoes usually have a well-formed crater with a diameter of several tens to a few hundred meters. In addition to the main crater, on the slopes of mud volcanoes there are often small secondary outlets of liquid and gas components, which are called salsas and griffins.

Fig. 1 General diagram of the structure of a mud volcano (Limonov 2004)

Kholodov identifies four main types of mud volcanoes.

The first type of buildings includes the so-called diapiric formations (Fig. 2). These are usually large volcanoes in which mud volcanic breccia has a viscous consistency and is squeezed out of the crater channel, forming columnar necks.

Figure 2. Necks of diapiric formations. Raznokol Volcano (Taman): mud breccia blocks in the middle part of the landslide (Kholodov 2001)

The second type of mud volcanoes includes structures that arise due to the periodic supply of semi-liquid masses of mud breccia to the surface. During an eruption, they spread from the crater to the periphery of the volcano, building on it and thus increasing the volume of the concentric cone built. We encountered a similar volcano on Mount Karabetova. It was a mud cone of almost regular shape, about 4-5 m in diameter and 4 m in height (Fig. 8). There is no crater at the top of the volcano, and the cone itself is made of loose clay, which has become compacted over time. This indicates that the volcano formed a long time ago.

Fig. 3 Active salsa of the Shugo volcano in Taman (Kholodov 2001)

The third type includes volcanoes in which, instead of mud volcanic structures, salt marshes are formed, swampy areas with puddles of liquid mud, occupying large areas and practically not rising above the surrounding topography. Such a mud swamp is usually complicated by small salsas or griffins. Liquid mud and, more rarely, oil are constantly pouring out of them. A typical example of this group is the Bulganak mud volcanic center, located 8-10 km north of the city of Kerch. A similar thing is observed on the Taman Peninsula. This volcano was an oval-shaped puddle of liquid mud about 10 m wide and 25 m long (Fig. 4).

Fig.4 Bulganak mud volcanic center (Shnyukov E.F. 1986)

There is also a small cone, about 0.5 m in height. Clay periodically erupts from it, which gradually builds up the cone. The mud lake is inclined, so its southeastern part slowly flows into the ravine). Periodically bursting gas bubbles are scattered throughout the clay puddle, located in areas of the puddle of different density. In the most liquid part, in the northwest, there are bubbles, which most likely indicate craters; they burst quite often and appear again.

The fourth type of mud volcanoes is represented by depressed synclinal structures of the Kerch Peninsula. Usually these are large and rounded depressions with a diameter of more than 200-300 m, located on a relatively flat surface and surrounded by ring faults. The central parts of the depression are occupied by water, which bubbles in places from gases entering below.

Modern scientists identify another type of mud volcanoes - underwater. They are usually found in shallow waters. In a calm state, they emit gas, the bubbles of which rise along with the turbidity, revealing their location. The eruptions of these volcanoes lead to the formation of islands, which are quickly eroded by waves. Debris material accumulates at the site of eroded mud volcanic islands. Marine underwater banks are formed. Such areas are dangerous for navigation. They are plotted on maps and indicated on the maps. In the Sea of Azov these are the Golubitskaya and Temryuk banks.

The mud volcano makes itself known with a deafening crash, an underground roar, after which the island rises above the sea. People swim up to the formed island, take photographs, and examine what it is made of. Mud isn't always cold. Findings on the shore in the form of baked gray and brown baked pieces indicate high temperature. Basically, the islands are 100 m in size and about 2 m high. Sometimes these islands “live” for six months, more often they are washed away by the sea after a month or two. Such eruptions on the Golubitskaya Bank in Temryuk Bay are described in the Mining Journal. Eruptions occurred in 1799, 1814, 1862, 1888, 1906, 1960. It has been active almost every year since 1950.

Kholodov believes that all types of mud volcanoes can simultaneously be considered as different stages of a single process, since often as a result of the next mud volcanic eruption, a lake can form on the site of a large mud volcanic structure, and instead of a large lake, a new cone of mud volcanic structure can appear.

IV . GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MUD VOLCANISM IN THE TERRITORY OF THE KRASNODAR REGION

There are more than thirty volcanoes on the Taman Peninsula, among which the most famous are Gnilaya Gora, Karabetova Gorka, Akhtanizovskaya Sopka, Azovskoe Peklo, and Miska. Some volcanoes look like large “bowls” in which dirt “boils”. The volcanoes of Mount Miska look like mud puddles, their diameter ranges from five to fifteen centimeters.

According to ancient Greek mythology, the god of fire and blacksmithing, Hephaestus, made a sheaf of forges in volcanoes; in Roman mythology, he was called Vulcan. Perhaps the mud volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula are the creation of his hands, dormant creatures periodically shaking from the blows of the divine hammer on the anvil.Homer in his “Odyssey” mentions the volcanoes of Taman, believing that it is here “in a sad, bare area” that there are entrances to the underground kingdom of Hades, the god of the underworld. Dark forces cast their spells in the deep underworld, sending upward the gloomy signs of their existence - mud eruptions. Hence the idea that sinners thrown into hell “boil” in the cauldron of the crater.Legends, one more terrible than the other and one more fantastic than the other, have excited the minds of residents at all times. For example, a hundred years ago, a rumor about cockroaches that gnaw the earth from the inside, foreshadowed that when they do their dirty deed, gnaw the earth to the ground, all the dirt will pour out in a stream and destroy all living things.In fact, the mud volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula are quite peaceful creatures. Suffice it to say that on one of them, Mount Miska, people have been living for several centuries, and the neighborhood is still peaceful.300 meters from the edge of the Azov Sea, near the village “For the Motherland” of the Temryuk district in the Sinyaya Balka tract, there is the Azovskaya hill. This mud volcano is also called Blue Balka. But it also has another name - Tizdar, named after the mountain, which is located about a kilometer from the Azov hill. In 1919, as a result of an explosive eruption, the Azov Hill lost its cone and now has a very interesting funnel-shaped shape. From the south, the edges of the truncated cone are raised by 6-8 meters, and from the east they are almost level with the sea terrace. The crater of the Azov Hill is distinguished by its great depth, reaching twenty-five meters. Inside the crater there is a lake, completely filled with a fatty clayey mass of gray-blue color. The diameter of this lake is 16-20 meters. It is fed by mud through the central trunk from the depths of the volcano. Researchers believe that the volcano's mouth descends 30-80 meters to the Cimmerian rocks lying inside. The influx of fresh dirt is 2.5 cubic meters per day.

Fig. 5 Late Pleistocene estuary shell erupted from the depths of the Kuchugurskaya Blevaka volcano

About 10 years ago, the largest active volcano on the Taman Peninsula was considered Karabetova Mountain, located 4 km from the village of Taman. There is almost no activity here now. After all, the height of Karabetka is 152 meters.

Rice. 6 Karabetova Mountain

A mud volcano called Rotten Mountain or Hephaestus is also known. It is located approximately 15 km southeast of Temryuk. The mountain got its name because on it, now in one place, now in another, the earth breaks and volcanic mud flies to the surface. The height of the volcanic eruption on Mount Gniloy can reach 32 meters.

Rice. 7 Rotten Mountain

Also worth a look is Shugo Volcano. It is located 35 km from Anapa, 5 km from the highway between the villages of Gostagaevskaya and Varenikovskaya. Local mud has a high content of iodine, bromine and other components, which increases its medicinal value.

Rice. 8 Volcano Shugo

Another volcano, Mount Miska, is located in the center of Temryuk, on the territory of the Military Hill Museum. Its activity is two small puddles of mud with bubbles appearing on the surface. In February 2002, a new mud volcano appeared between the village of Senna and the village of Akhtanizovskaya. How long it will be active is also unknown.

Rice. 9 Mount Miska

The causes of mud volcanoes are tectonic movements of the earth's crust, as a result of which clay mass, water and gases are squeezed to the surface where ruptures have formed during the growth of folds. Due to the subsidence of the earth's crust, the Taman Peninsula is gradually plunging into the sea.

Homer wrote about the mud volcanoes of Taman in his Odyssey. It was on Taman, “in a sad, bare area” - in mud volcanoes - that he placed the entrances to the underground kingdom of Hades.

CONCLUSION

So, in the course of carrying out the project work, we examined one of the most intense manifestations of mud volcanism in the world, the only one in Russia. There are more than 30 active mud volcanoes on the Taman Peninsula, the highest of which is Karabetova Sopka (152 m). Mud volcanoes are an interesting object of tourism and balneology, an unusual sight, a unique object of nature.Expanding the topic of the work, we studied the nature and geology of mud volcanoes, their recreational potential. We believe that this structure of work allowed us to achieve the goal of the project.Having analyzed the theoretical material on the topic of the project, we came to the conclusion that the mud volcanic manifestations of Taman are unique.The materials, results and conclusions of the project can be used in teaching geography and biology, help improve the general culture and broaden the horizons of students of all age categories, and expand the field for further design and research activities in this direction.

Bibliography

Anastasiadi G., Evstifeev I., Omelchenko V. and others. Black Sea of Russia. Map of attractions. Taman: IPO “Lev Tolstoy”, 2008. 24 p.

Afanasyeva A. I., ed. Guide to historical and memorable places of Taman. Taman: IPO “Lev Tolstoy”, 2005. 14 p.

Basov. E. I. “Late Quaternary mud volcanism in the deep-sea basin of the Black Sea” p. 38

Bocharova R.I. Geological conditions and development dynamics p. 10

USED BOOKS

Kalinko M. K. “Secrets of the formation of oil and flammable gases” p.25

Platonov I., Kharlanov E. Mud volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula. From the series “Resorts of Kuban”. Taman: IPO “Lev Tolstoy”, 2005. 12 p.

Platonov I., Kharlanov E. Tamanskaya land. Photo album. From the series “Resorts of Kuban”. Taman: IPO “Lev Tolstoy”, 2005. 96 p.

Platonov I., Kharlanov E. Journey to the Lotus Valley. Akhtanizovsky estuary. Temryuk district. From the series “Resorts of Kuban”. Taman: IPO “Lev Tolstoy”, 2005. 12 p.

Tamm E. I., ed. Encyclopedia of tourists. M.: BRE, 1993. 607 p.

Kholodov V.N. “On the nature of mud volcanoes” 2001 p.15

APPLICATION

Mud volcano "Shugo"

basic information

“Shygo uashkh” is the name of the Adyghe volcano. Shygo - “flat”, uashkh - “mound”, otherwise - “mound with a flat top”. Another Circassian name is known - Iezheuasa, which means “ash mountain”. There is a legend that on the site of the current Shugo volcano there was a Circassian village, which “for the sins of its inhabitants fell through the ground, and only one righteous widow was saved.” The Kuban Cossacks named the volcano Rotten Mountain on the Shuga (river).
The literature also gives another unusual name for this volcano - Mount Divnaya. It made an enthusiastic impression on the mining engineer V.I. Wind, who first examined and described it in 1902. Perhaps the name of the volcano belongs to him. Since then, on maps for many years it was designated as the “Crater of Mount Marvelous Shugo.” By the way, V.I. Vinda, around the same years, was the first to compile a description of the Semigorsk springs, located 18 km from Anapa.
This is the largest and most impressive volcano on the Taman Peninsula. It is no coincidence that, as a unique natural monument, it is present in all guidebooks of Taman, Kuban, and the North Caucasus. This vibrant natural attraction is very interesting and attractive to travelers. Today, Anapa tour guides certainly include it in their routes.
The volcano itself is hidden in a hollow among low forested mountains. The crater of the volcano is a huge bowl, the bottom of which is lowered 4-6 m from the upper edges of the crater rim. The diameter of the bowl is about 450 m. In the middle there is an uneven hill, reaching a diameter of up to two hundred meters, disturbed by shafts, cracks and gullies. A dried out light gray mass of earth, completely devoid of vegetation, stuffed with fine crushed stone of white and gray marl, fragments of siderite, all covered with drying cracks, and the upper layers of drying mud look like polygonal soils or like gingerbread. With enough imagination, all this can be mistaken for ice drift, as if slush is moving along the river during the spring flood (another version of the name of the volcano). In many places, the clay mass, dried on top, covered with a thin crust with webs of cracks, sways underfoot. The craters of small volcanoes stick out on its surface. It is very reminiscent of a lunar landscape.
From the mouths of the craters, pulsating and gurgling, a salty, rather thick, dark gray liquid with a bluish tint flows out, spreading to the sides. When the clay mass dries, it acquires a light gray color. Volcano craters are fickle: some fade and die, others are born. Gases are released from them, mainly methane. Gases bubble, trying to create the effect of an eruption. Hydrogeologists believe that Shugo demonstrates all forms of mud volcanism known on various hills of Taman.
According to the official literature, the physical and chemical indicators of the Shugo volcano mud are not much different from the Azov volcano mud and, based on the totality of research data, are fully consistent with medical needs. However, the mud of the Shugo volcano is considered among the region's residents to be one of the most useful. Many Anapa health resorts used this mud exclusively during the Soviet years. The healing properties of Shugo mud are also supported by the fact that no one dilutes these muds with water (for example, from fire engines, as is done on one of the volcanic mud lakes of Taman) so that tourists have somewhere to splash.
A local resident found the foundation of a mud bath that operated here during the First World War.

MUD VOLCANO TIZDAR

The Tizdar mud volcano (also known by the name Blue Balka) is a unique hospital on the shores of the Azov Sea, in the village of Za Rodinu, Krasnodar Territory.

The volcano is located 50-60 meters from the coast of the Azov Sea on the territory of the Tizdar boarding house and is a mud lake with a diameter of about 20 meters, at the bottom of which there is healing mud with a high content of bromine, hydrogen sulfide and iodine. The density of the mud in the crater is 1550 kg/m3, so a person is pushed out of it. The vacationer floats freely on the surface without making any effort.

The depth of the lake can reach up to 25 meters, however, for the reasons described above, there is no evidence of this, it is not possible to plunge into such dense mud.

Mountain "Bowl"

Mud volcano 75 meters high above sea level. Now in a dormant state, the last eruption occurred in 1860. From the top of the mountain there are views of Temryuk and the surrounding estuaries.

The mountain is a hill that surrounds a lake shaped like the letter “C”; this lake is the bottom of a volcanic crater, whose diameter is half a kilometer. Once upon a time this lake was closed and “embraced” a still low mountain. The Cossacks who inhabited these places called the lake “plate” - it was too similar to it, and the word “plate”, in turn, in the Ukrainian-Russian dialect of the Kuban Cossacks sounds like “myska”. This is where the name came from.

In addition to the dormant volcano, Mount Miska is also famous for the fact that it houses an open-air museum of military equipment, it is called. Entrance to the museum costs a small fee, but the visiting time is unlimited, and you can climb and take pictures with all the exhibits on display, of which there are more than a hundred. Samples of WWII military equipment and some post-war models are presented.

You can get here on foot from the Temryuk bus station, following the main road. As soon as the road begins to rise, you know that this is already Miska. The walking route will take no more than ten minutes.

Mud volcano "Hephaestus"

Mount Rotten is popular among tourists who decide to spend their holiday with health benefits. It is located 15 kilometers from Temryuk, in the southeastern part of the Taman Peninsula. The mountain owes its name to the type of surface - the soil here is loose and heterogeneous, hundreds of small volcanoes break through it, spewing gases and dirt.

Mount Rotten is an open plateau with an area of 6 thousand square meters. There is a chain of mud craters of different sizes on it. There is constant gurgling and hissing coming from them.

Volcano Hephaestus is the hallmark of this landmark elevation. The jets of liquid mud that it spews can rise to a height of over 15 meters. It has been mastered for a long time. Back in the 19th century, a mud bath for military personnel was opened here. Possessing healing properties, the mud contains a rich set of useful microelements: iodine, bromine, selenium.