Climate of Mongolia. Geographical location and interesting facts. Mongolia Conclusion about Mongolia

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MinisteDepartment of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State budgetary educational institutionhigher professional education"Vladimir State University

them. A.G and N.G. Stoletovs"

Course work

Discipline: "Geography"

On the topic: “General characteristics of Mongolia”

Performed:

Art. gr. TR-114

Bagrova O.V.

Assoc. Guzhova L.G.

Vladimir 2015

Introduction

1. Characteristics of Mongolia

1.1 General characteristics

1.2 History of Mongolia

2. Foreign policy of Mongolia

2.1 Mongolia - Ukraine - Russia

2.2 Mongolia - China - Russia

3. Prospects for the dynamic development of Mongolia

3.1 Prospects for the development of the country as a whole

3.2 Oil industry

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Mongolia doesn't often become a news provider. This country in the heart of Asia has long been perceived as a modest satellite of the Soviet Union. Today Mongolia is learning to live by its own interests and make friends with those who can be useful to it. The policy of the third neighbor is the name of the current foreign policy course of the parliamentary republic.

The recent presidential elections in Mongolia showed that this previously rather closed country has firmly taken the democratic path. International observers did not note any serious irregularities in the elections, and the activity of the electorate was quite high. As a result of the elections, the democratic candidate Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, who is also the current president, won.

If you look at world reports on the fastest growing and most promising economies in the world in 2013, this is Mongolia.

It is interesting that it was Mongolia, according to international experts, that most smoothly entered democracy among the countries of the former socialist camp.

There were no major upheavals in connection with the transition to a different concept of development; no special revolutions or riots were noted.

Perhaps the reason for this calm was the traditional mentality of the inhabitants of an almost monoethnic country. The Mongols are distinguished by calmness, perseverance and an amazing ability to adapt to any conditions, both climatic and economic-political.

In recent years, Mongolia's economy has been boosted by foreign investment in the development of coal, gold, copper and other minerals. But, as can be seen, so far the majority of Mongols do not see an urgent need for a state monopoly on subsoil, knowing full well that the flow of foreign investment may become shallow as a result. In the depths of the earth of Mongolia the entire periodic table. And that's why they invest it. There are untouched mineral deposits there. Erdenet has almost dried up; a new large deposit has been found.

It is interesting that the most intelligent people from Mongolia leave for China and the West. Mongolian women willingly marry Chinese, Mongolia can naturally go to China. Currently, China accounts for about 50 percent of Mongolia’s foreign turnover, and Russia less than 20 percent.

Based on all of the above, the research topic was formulated: “General characteristics of Mongolia, tasks and development prospects.”

The object of our research is Mongolia.

The subject of the study is the development prospects of Mongolia.

The purpose of the study is to describe and characterize the prospects for its development.

Research objectives:

1. Analyze the literature on the research topic.

2. Describe the basic concepts of work.

3. Describe and characterize the prospects for its development.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that today Mongolia is an interesting country from a historical point of view. The future of this country will be decided in the near future, and changes in Mongolia are leading to changes in both Russia and China. Without knowledge of history and the past, the future is impossible. That is why the work will examine not only the country’s development prospects, but also its rich history.

1 . Characteristics of Mongolia

1.1 General characteristics

The territory of Mongolia is a huge plateau, which is elevated above sea level. Mountains with a height of 1500-3000 m occupy at least 40% of the area of the entire country, and its high-mountain areas with a height of more than 3000 m occupy about 2.5-3%. Mongolia ranks 17th in the world in terms of the size of its territory.

Interesting fact: Mongolia is the smallest country in terms of population density, its density is approximately 1.7 people/sq.km. And the total population reaches about 3 million people.

Mongolia is a country where you can drive hundreds of kilometers and not meet a single person. In a number of areas, such as deserts and highlands, population density reaches a minimum threshold - from 0.01 to 1%.

In its great history, the ethnic groups of Mongolia have gone through a great many different periods of formation. As a result, with the formation of a single, united Mongolian people, the Greatest Mongolian state emerged. It was a great world empire, which to this day has no equal. Arin V.D. Russia and Mongolia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries: economics, diplomacy, culture / V.D. Arin.--Irkutsk, BGUEP, 2013.--402 p.

In Mongolia, there is the world's tallest statue of a horse rider, which is an hour's drive from the capital. The Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar is the coldest capital in the whole world.

Mongolia is home to 25% of all snow leopards living on our planet.

Mongolia is a country with an ancient history, and is fraught with many mysteries from the past.

An interesting discovery was announced in Mongolia. A Scythian warrior was found. It was discovered in the Altai region at an altitude of 2.6 kilometers. And the most interesting thing is that it was completely intact in the burial mound. As is obvious, he was a rich man, since he was covered with beaver and sable fur, and he also had a sheepskin on him. The warrior's body was covered with many tattoos.

And the main feature of this find was the warrior’s hair; he was blond. True, some scientists say that the hair could have become this color after his death.

Near the grave, 2 horses were found with richly decorated bridles and saddles, as well as weapons, a clay vessel and animal horns. They were placed in the grave next to the mummy so that they could accompany him on the other side of life.

The rivers of Mongolia are born in the mountains. Most of them are the upper reaches of the great rivers of Siberia and the Far East, carrying their waters towards the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The largest rivers in the country are the Selenga (within the borders of Mongolia - 600 km), Kerulen (1100 km), Tesiin-Gol (568 km), Onon (300 km), Khalkhin-Gol, Kobdo. The deepest is the Selenga.

Mongolia has many permanent lakes and a much larger number of temporary lakes that form during the rainy season and disappear during the dry season. In the early Quaternary period, a significant part of the territory of Mongolia was an inland sea, which was later divided into several large bodies of water. The present lakes are what is left of them.

Next, consider the climate of Mongolia. Mongolia has a sharply continental climate with harsh winters and dry, hot summers. In the capital, the city of Ulaanbaatar, located approximately halfway between the mountain ranges of the north-west and the desert arid zone of the south-east of the country, temperatures range from minus 25 - 35 degrees in winter, to plus 25 - 35 degrees in summer. Ulaanbaatar is one of the coldest winter capitals in the world: the coldest month is January. The warmest month is July.

It is often cold in the mountainous regions, north and west of the country. Much of the country is hot in summer and very cold in winter, with January averages dropping to -30 degrees.

Let us consider in detail the administrative division of Mongolia.

Mongolia is divided into 21 aimags, which in turn have 329 somons. The capital Ulaanbaatar is an independent administrative unit.

Mongolia has an interesting address system. Due to the significant number of temporary settlements (yurts) in the country, which change their spatial location over time, traditional address systems (city, street, house) are not very suitable for Mongolia.

On February 2, 2008, the Government of Mongolia decided to adapt the Universal Address System technology to the needs of the country, that is, the use of Natural Area Code to address objects on the ground. This system allows you to address on the ground within the Earth, both entire regions and cities, individual houses and even small objects with an accuracy of up to a meter. The more accurately the address is specified, the longer its code. For example, the address of the city of Ulaanbaatar as a whole is RV-W QZ, and the address of the monument in the center of Sukhbaatar Square in Ulaanbaatar is RW8SK QZKSL.

Although more people live in cities, Mongolia's economy is centered on industries such as mining and agriculture. Mineral resources such as copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold make up a significant part of the country's industrial production.

In the period from 1924 to 1991, the MPR received large financial and economic assistance from the USSR. At its peak, this aid accounts for one third of its GDP. In the early 1990s. years and into the next decade, Mongolia's economy experienced a severe decline followed by stagnation.

Exports: copper and other non-ferrous metals, fluorspar, uranium ore, coal, oil, clothing, livestock, wool, hides, animal products, cashmere. The main buyers in 2011 are China (85.7%), Canada (6.3%) and Russia (3%) in 10th place.

Imports: machinery and equipment, fuel, automobiles, food, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco products, household appliances, soaps and detergents, sugar, tea. The main suppliers in 2011 were China (43.4%), Russia (23.3%, mainly oil and electricity), South Korea (5.6%), Japan (5.1%).

Mongolia is a member of the World Trade Organization (since 1997). The country's main trading partners are China and Russia, and Mongolia's economy largely depends on these countries. In 2006, 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to China, while imports accounted for only 29.8%. Mongolia imports about 95% of its petroleum products and part of its electricity from Russia, making the country extremely economically dependent.

Tibetan Buddhism was officially adopted in the country in 1578, but shamanism continues to be practiced by a small part of the population (primarily in the north of the country). By the time of the People's Revolution of 1921, there were 755 Buddhist monasteries and 120 thousand monks and priests in the country (out of a total population of 650 thousand people).

As a result of repression, by the end of the 1930s. years, all monasteries were closed or destroyed, and their property was nationalized.

In 1949, a single monastery was reopened in Ulaanbaatar, but the freedom of religion declared by the 1960 constitution was only ensured in the late 1980s. years and the revival of traditional Buddhism, shamanism, and Islam began (among the Kazakhs). Since the early 1990s, foreign Christian missions, Baha'is, Moonies and Mormons began their activities. Baabar History of Mongolia: From world domination to the Soviet satellite / Baabar. - Kazan: Tatarstan, 2010. - 543 p.

Mongolia's culture is heavily influenced by the traditional Mongolian nomadic lifestyle, as well as Tibetan Buddhism, Chinese and Russian cultures. Love of one's origins and family are valued in Mongolian culture; this is evident in everything from old Mongolian literature to modern music. Another characteristic and most important feature of the steppe people is hospitality. The yurt is an important part of Mongolian national identity; to this day, many Mongols live in yurts.

Education is one of the priority areas of Mongolia's domestic policy. To date, illiteracy in the country has been practically eliminated, thanks to the creation of seasonal boarding schools for children from nomadic families.

Since 1990, Mongolia has experienced social change and improvements in health care. The healthcare system includes 17 specialized hospitals, four regional diagnostic and treatment centers, nine district hospitals, 21 aimak and 323 soum hospitals. In addition, there are 536 private hospitals.

Some of the earliest examples of Mongolian fine art are rock paintings and bronze and copper weapons with images of animals. There is also an Iron Age stone stele here. Mongolian art was strongly influenced by the visual canons of Tibetan Buddhism, as well as Indian, Nepalese and Chinese art. At the beginning of the 20th century, the tradition of secular painting began to develop in Mongolia, its founder was Baldugiin Sharav. After the revolution, for a long time the only acceptable style in Mongolian painting was socialist realism, and only in the 1960s did artists have the opportunity to move away from the canons. The first representatives of modernism in Mongolia were Choydogiin Bazarvaan and Badamzhavyn Chogsom.

The oldest literary and historical monument is the “Secret Legend of the Mongols.” One of the founders of modern Mongolian literature is the writer, poet and public figure Dashdorzhiin Natsagdorzh, the first translator of Pushkin’s works into the Mongolian language.

The instrumental ensemble occupies an important place in Mongolian music. Folk instruments: amankhur (harmonica), morinkhur and limbo (bamboo flute). There are traditional works for key instruments in Mongolian music. Vocal art also has a long tradition. Baldaev R.L. Public education in the Mongolian People's Republic / R.L. Baldaev. - M.: Mir., 1971. - 230 p.

In modern sports, Mongols are traditionally strong in single events. These are boxing, freestyle wrestling, judo, and shooting. In terms of the number of Olympic medals per capita, Mongolia is ahead of many highly developed countries. Quite exotic sports for Mongols, such as bodybuilding and powerlifting, are developing at an active pace.

The number of Armed Forces is 10.3 thousand people (2012).

Recruitment is carried out by conscription, the service period is 12 months. Men aged from 18 to 25 years are called up. Currently, the Mongolian army is undergoing a reform aimed at increasing combat effectiveness and updating the technical fleet of weapons and military equipment. Russian, American and other specialists are actively participating in this process.

Since 2002, Mongolia has been involved in peacekeeping activities.

1.2 History of Mongolia

A Neolithic agricultural settlement was discovered on the territory of the Eastern aimak. Finds from western Mongolia from the same period include only temporary settlements of hunters and gatherers.

The population of the Copper Age, according to anthropological characteristics, was Mongoloid in the east of modern Mongolia and Caucasoid in the west. In the 2nd millennium BC. e. During the Bronze Age, the influence of the Karasuk culture was felt in western Mongolia. Numerous Deer stones and mini-mounds, known as “Keregsüren”, date back to this period; according to other theories, the “deer stones” date back to the 8th-7th centuries. BC e.

Proto-Mongolian tribes living in Mongolia created the so-called culture of tiled graves. Viktorova L. L. Mongols. Origin of the people and the origins of culture/ L. Viktorova. - M.: Vid, 2008. - 170 p. The settlement area of the tilers was unusually wide: from Lake Baikal in the north, to Ordos and the foothills of the Nan Shan (possibly Tibet) in the south, and from Khingan in the east, to the foothills of Altai in the west. The slab grave culture was the easternmost of the significant steppe cultures of Southern Siberia. The center of cultural dissemination is Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Inner Mongolia. Monuments are found in Mongolia, in the southern Baikal region and Transbaikalia from the Sayan Mountains to Manchuria, on the Lesser Khingan, the Weichang Plateau, in northwestern China (Xinjiang).

A large Iron Age burial complex of the 5th-3rd centuries, also used later, during the time of the Xiongnu, was excavated by archaeologists near Ulangom in the Ubsunur aimag.

Until the 20th century, some historians assumed that the Scythians originated from Mongolia, which was reflected in Russian literature (Alexander Blok: “Yes, we are Scythians! Yes, we are Asians!”). In the 6th-5th centuries. BC e. The area of residence of the Scythians reached the west of Mongolia. The mummy of a 30- to 40-year-old Scythian warrior, about 2,500 years old, with blond hair, was discovered in the Mongolian part of the Altai Mountains.

Among the Chinese, all the nomads in the north were known under the single name “Beidi”, that is, northern barbarians, however, there is reason to assume that among them were not only the Mongols, but also the Manchus.

Each nation received its name from the name of the sovereign house by which it was ruled. Waging constant internecine wars, the tribes of Mongolia sometimes entered into alliances with each other, and usually raided China, which sent gifts to the leaders of the tribes and thereby paid off their invasions. When from 480 BC. e. China was divided into seven destinies; the nomads of Mongolia often served one destinies against others. This order of things taught the nomads even more to raid China, and the Chinese began to push them north with their combined forces.

Three centuries BC. e. three strong fiefs, having driven out the northern nomads, fortified themselves with long walls; after the unification of China under the rule of Qin Shi Huang, these separate walls were connected and formed one Great Wall of China. Among the nomads pushed to the north by 214 BC. e. Three strong khanates were formed: in Eastern Mongolia - Donghu, in Central Mongolia - the largest khanate, the Xiongnu, from Ordos throughout Khalkha, and to the west of Ordos - Yuezhi. Mongolian scholars classify the Xiongnu as proto-Mongols.

The ruler of the Xiongnu, Mode-shanyu (209--174), conquered Donghu (the ancestors of modern Mongols), scattered the Yuezhi (Aryans) and united the entire space in Central Asia under his rule, founded the Hun empire, stretching from the borders of Manchuria in the east to the Kazakh steppes in the west and from the Great Wall in the south to the current borders of Russia in the north.

In 202, Mode began devastating raids on China, which ended with the Chinese court recognizing the Turanian Khan as an equal and undertaking to marry off their princesses to him, sending a certain number of gifts annually. Under Mode's successors, the Chinese who arrived with the princesses taught the Xiongnu rulers to govern on the basis of laws, collect taxes and keep written records. From 71 BC e. disagreements arose in the reigning house of the Huns, which significantly weakened it. The Huns rose somewhat again only under Khukhan-Shanyu (57-31) and existed independently for about two and a half centuries; then the southern regions of their khanate succumbed to China, while the northern ones died entirely from internal disagreements.

In 141, the great Syanbi commander and emperor Tanshihuai was born. He becomes the emperor (elder) of the Xianbi at the age of 14, after 2 years he inflicts damage on the Dinglin people and a crushing defeat on the Xiongnu and forces them out of the Transbaikal steppe. In 166, Tanshihuai repels the Chinese who invaded the Xianbei lands. The first Mongol emperor died in 181. The Syanbei state of Toba-Wei lasted until the middle of the third century.

The Rouran Khaganate was a state of nomadic Mongol-speaking peoples who dominated the steppes of Central Asia in 330-555.

After the Rourans, the Tyukues appeared on the scene, subjugating the entire northwestern region to their power, while the southeastern and southern steppes were ruled first by the Mongol-speaking Khitan, then by the Kumoshi; Other houses arose that ruled under the auspices of the Chinese and received from them both their titles and support for their power. During the Tang dynasty (620-901), the Huihe tribe, or Uyghurs, became especially strong.

Eastern Turkic Khaganate (603 - 744) - a state of nomadic Turks. In 603, the Turkic Khaganate collapsed into the Western and Eastern Khaganate.

The Uyghur Khaganate is a Turkic state that replaced the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. In 840, this state was destroyed after a twenty-year war by the Yenisei Kyrgyz. Under pressure from the Kyrgyz, the Uighurs migrated south to Xinjiang. The centers of their statehood continued to exist in the west of Gansu and in southern Xinjiang. A common name was adopted for all - Uyghurs. In 840, the Yenisei Kyrgyz founded the Kyrgyz Khaganate. Pursuing the remnants of the Uyghurs, the Kyrgyz fought their way to the Irtysh and Amur, and invaded the oases of Xinjiang. The Indo-European people of the Tocharians who lived in Xinjiang were assimilated by the newcomer Uyghurs in the 9th century.

The Khitan Mongols have been a significant force in Northeast China since the 5th century. And although they managed to defeat the armies of the Tang Empire, they were able to create a centralized state only by 907.

In 907, the Khitan ruler Ambagai (Yelü Ambagai) founded the Khitan Khaganate in Northeast China. At the end of 916, Ambagai made a large military campaign, as a result of which a vast territory came under the rule of the Khitans - the entire south-eastern part of modern Mongolia and the adjacent areas of the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia of the People's Republic of China. After the conquest of Northern China, the Khitan state became a powerful empire and in 916 Ambagai received the title of “Great Sacred-wise and Great Enlightened Heavenly Emperor.” Around these years, Ambagai founded the capital of his state (on the territory of the modern Bairin-Zoqi khoshun of the Chifeng city district in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China).

At the beginning of the 12th century, the Jurchens, formerly subject to the Khitans, rebelled and in 1115 they founded the Jin dynasty. The Jin-Liao War lasted for 10 years.

Archaeological finds confirm that the Mongols lived in the steppes of Mongolia and Transbaikalia after the decline of the Rouran Khaganate. To control them, the rulers of the Turkic Khaganates placed their proteges from ethnic Turkic tribes in Western Transbaikalia. They own mounds of a Turkic appearance, which are few in number compared to the graves of the local Mongol-speaking population. From the 9th century or after the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate, the influence of the Mongol tribes grew again and by the end of the 9th century the Mongols spread across the former lands of the ancient Mongol states, to the Khingan in the east to the headwaters of the Irtysh and Yenisei in the west, from Baikal in the north to the Great Wall of China in the south.

The name of the Mongols appears for the first time in the chronicles of the Tang dynasty; they are called here "shiwei mongu". In the 10th and 11th centuries, according to the chronicles of the Song dynasty, the nickname “shiwei” disappeared, and the Mongols were simply called “mengu”, “mongu” or “Monguls”. It is very likely that this name originally belonged to one of the tribes of the Shiwei people, which, gradually rising, spread its name to other tribes that roamed the north and east of Mongolia in the 11th century. The Mongols themselves remember that after the defeat by the Turks, the Mongols came to an area called Ergune-kun, and then decorate their origin with legends. According to one myth, the Mongols descended from a gray wolf and a spotted fallow deer; Another legend says that the ancestor of the Mongols, Budanchar, was miraculously conceived by the widow Alan-goa from a connection with a heavenly spirit.

Bodonchar acquired dominance over neighboring tribes. His descendant in the eighth tribe, Yesugei-Baghatur, extended his power over a significant area, and Yesugei’s son Temujin made the name of the Mongols known to the whole world. This is where modern Mongols begin their history. Temujin, better known as Genghis Khan, was born on the banks of the Onon River at the beginning of the second half of the 12th century. He was still a child when his father died; this death served as a signal for the retreat of the tribes that had hitherto recognized the power of Yesugei. However, gradually Genghis Khan subjugated first the small, then stronger tribes and in 1206 he was proclaimed great khan, taking the name Genghis and giving his people the name “Mongol” (as is believed - because he himself came from the ancient tribe of Shivei Mongols). In 1211-1215 Northern China was conquered up to the Yellow River; in 1220 the Mongols subjugated Bukhara and Khorezm, in 1221 and 1222 they subjugated Khorasan, Iraq and Armenia, and in 1223 they appeared in the Black Sea steppes (Battle of Kalka). Genghis Khan died in 1227 and before his death he divided his empire between his four sons, of whom Ogedei was given supreme control of the state.

In 1251, a kurultai was held in Central Asia, at which Mongke was elected Great Khan. However, his opponents said that this election was illegal, since the kurultai did not take place on the territory of Mongolia.

A conflict broke out, escalating into the first armed struggle for the throne on the territory of the Mongol Empire. Mongke suppressed his opponents and continued his territorial expansion: the Mongols went to the Middle East and attacked the Chinese state of the Southern Song. Mongke died during the campaign against the Song in 1259.

With the death of Mongke, all military campaigns of the Mongols stopped.

After the collapse of the Yuan Empire in 1368, the Mongol emperors returned to their historical homeland, where a nomadic economy predominated, and local feudal lords resisted the policy of centralization.

Mongolia was officially called "State of Mongolia (Mongol Uls)" and "Northern Yuan" (only a few emperors used this name) during this period.

From 1388 to 1400, five khans replaced the Mongol throne, all of them died violent deaths.

The united Mongolia did not last long. Soon after the death of Dayan Khan in 1543, the first internecine conflict broke out.

In the 16th century, Mongolia again broke up into a number of principalities: it was divided between the sons of Dayan Khan. From this time on, among the Eastern Mongols they began to distinguish between northern (Khalkhas) and southern (Tumats, Ordos, Chakhars).

At the beginning of the 17th century, Mongolia was a series of independent possessions located on three sides of the Gobi Desert.

As part of the Qing Empire, the territory of Outer Mongolia was a separate imperial governorship, divided into four khanates (aimags) and the border Kobd district, located in the far west next to Xinjiang. The aimaks were divided into khoshuns - feudal appanages traditional for Mongolia, which had relatively clear boundaries.

In 1644, on the basis of the Mongol Administration (Mengu Yamen) of the Mongol Jurgaan, the Chamber of Foreign Relations (Lifanyuan) was created, which was in charge of the “external” peoples: Mongols, Tibetans, Russians, Turks.

She was the next level of control of Mongolia after the emperor. Only Manchus and Mongols could serve in the House; the Chinese were not allowed there.

By the middle of the 19th century, branches of several dozen Chinese trading and moneylending firms, mainly from Beijing and Shanxi, were openly operating in Mongolia with the direct support of the Manchu authorities. Russian trade was limited to the holding of a fair in Kyakhta every three years and the activities of Russian merchants along the Kyakhta-Urga-Kalgan highway (with the payment of large duties).

The Mongolian National Revolution occurred in 1911, led by the highest Khalkha nobility with the support of the Russian Empire, overthrowing two centuries of Khalkha dependence on the Qing Empire. As a result of the revolution, an independent state (khaganate) was founded, headed by the theocratic monarch Bogdo-gegen.

The Mongolian People's Republic is a socialist state in Central Asia that existed from 1924 to 1992. The highest body of people's power was the Great People's Khural. On December 29, 1911, Outer Mongolia declared its independence from China. The country was headed by the theocratic ruler Bogdo Gegen VIII.

In the period 1911 - 1921, Mongolia under the rule of Bogd Khan was an unrecognized state, a protectorate of Russia, an autonomy within China. In the summer of 1919, Chinese troops eliminated Mongolian autonomy.

The Russian Empire supported the Mongols' desire for independence from China, so the fighters for the independence of Mongolia, whose composition was very diverse - from nobles and lamas to small arats - were oriented toward Russia.

After the death of Bogdo-gegen, the monarchy was abolished and on November 26, 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed, a constitution was adopted that declared the Great People's Assembly, convened once a year and elected by district assemblies, to be the supreme body of state power.

In the development of the MPR, Soviet historians identified two main stages: the stage of democratic transformations (1921-1940) and the stage of socialist transformations (1940-1990).

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the MPR began to supply the USSR with everything necessary for conducting military operations.

During the four years of the Great Patriotic War, the Mongolian People's Republic supplied the USSR with about 500 thousand horses at a nominal price, mainly to pay off previous debts to the USSR.

Since the second half of the 1940s, geological exploration work began in order to expand the mineral, raw materials and fuel and energy base of the industry.

In 1949, a constitutional reform was carried out - the meetings of the working people were abolished, the Great People's Assembly, elected by the people for a period of 4 years, remained the legislative body, the Presidium of the Great People's Assembly, elected by the Great People's Assembly for a period of 4 years, became the collective head of state, the executive body remained The Council of Ministers, local representative bodies became meetings of workers' deputies elected by the population for a period of 2 years, local executive bodies - executive departments of meetings of workers' deputies elected by meetings of workers' deputies for a period of 2 years.

In 1960, a new constitution was adopted, which practically did not change the political system - meetings of workers' deputies were renamed into meetings of people's deputies, the terms of office of the Great People's Assembly and the Presidium of the Great People's Assembly were increased to 5 years, meetings of workers' deputies to 3 years.

The task was set to transform the Mongolian People's Republic from a livestock-raising one into an agrarian-industrial state, and then into an industrial-agrarian state. At the same time, the emphasis was placed on the development of not all industries. The light and food industries developed, wood processing and building materials enterprises were built. One of the major achievements of this period was the development of grain growing through the development of virgin lands.

From the beginning of the 1960s, the second stage of industrialization of the country began, the goal of which was to transform the country into an industrial-agrarian one. As a result of cultural transformations in the Mongolian People's Republic, a new secular intelligentsia was formed and illiteracy was eliminated.

The democratic revolution in the Mongolian People's Republic in 1990 began with a series of rallies and demonstrations in Ulaanbaatar and ended with the resignation of the MPRP government, the introduction of multi-party elections and the adoption of a new constitution. The revolution was exclusively peaceful.

The government structure of Mongolia is determined by the Constitution adopted on February 12, 1992. State power in Mongolia is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial. The State Great Khural of Mongolia or the Government in Mongolia is the highest executive and legislative body of the state. Justice is administered only by the court, and the exercise of judicial power by other bodies is not permitted.

2. Foreign policy of Mongolia

2.1 Mongolia - Ukraine - Russia

Mongolian influence on Russia and China has been underestimated for many years. In fact, Mongolia is the core of a civilization that has spread to three countries - Russia, China and Mongolia.Ganzhurov V. Ts. Russia - Mongolia: history, problems, modernity / V.Ts. Ganzhurov. - Ulan-Ude: Litera, 1997. - 130 p. This civilization, although it covers a huge number of peoples who are continuers of the steppe line, which our Eurasians once called the Great Steppe. Eurasians rightly consider Russia its successor.

Many Chinese historians similarly consider themselves to be the heirs of the great nomadic empires of antiquity. And it turns out that there are three heirs to the great nomadic empires of antiquity. Somehow we have to get along, we really need to take a closer look at each other.

Let us recall the sensational speech in the press by the US Ambassador to Mongolia under the heading “Let’s unite for Ukraine.” According to the US Ambassador, an event occurred in Crimea in which the Russians, not paying attention to the standards of international legislative acts, rejected the principles of respect for the law. Under the threat of military expansion, an illegal “national referendum” was hastily held, which became the justification for Russia’s brazen seizure of a piece of the neighboring country’s territory. This is an unacceptable phenomenon. Crimea belongs to Ukraine. The borders recognized by the Constitution of Ukraine are the state border.

The international community will never believe that a population survey hastily organized by the Russian side will become a justification for the forcible seizure of part of the territory.

It is worth noting that the worsening relations between Russia and the West in connection with the events in Ukraine had quite a noticeable resonance in Mongolian society. Some Mongolian politicians expressed support for Russia's actions. Thus, the Minister of Industry and Agriculture supported Russia’s actions through the Russian media. The Mongolian People's Democratic Party, led by the former prime minister, considers Russia's actions in Crimea legal and made a public statement about this.

However, top government officials still avoid making an official statement on the issue of annexing Crimea.

As you know, the official position of Ulaanbaatar on the Ukrainian events has not been formulated at the moment. But Mongolia abstained from voting in the UN General Assembly on the “Ukrainian resolution”.

In general, the neutral position of official Ulaanbaatar on the Ukrainian issue is part of a multi-pillar foreign policy, one of the conditions of which is maintaining friendly relations with the main centers of influence, without giving any clear preference to anyone. Mongolia pursues a multi-vector policy in relations with the outside world. Mongolia, starting in the 1990s, reformatted its policy. It abandoned its focus only on its northern neighbor, that is, Russia, and began to pursue a multi-pillar policy based on China and the “third neighbor,” which is represented by the United States and a number of other countries.

On the one hand, public opinion in Mongolia is generally positive towards Russia. On the other hand, the materials of the most popular Mongolian media are either neutral or negative in relation to Russia, Russian politics, and Russian business. Only 2% of people surveyed say that China is Mongolia’s best partner. But economically, Russia is inferior to China.

Russia's share, according to 2012 data, was just over 17% in Mongolia's foreign trade turnover. The share of Russian investments is extremely small.

Mongolia will not in the future give preference to any one partner, be it the USA, Russia, or China. Mongolia will continue to pursue a multi-vector and multi-pillar policy. And he will call many countries his partners. Of course, Mongolia cannot escape Russia and China due to geography; these are its two geographical neighbors and partners. But at the same time, there will be a constant factor that in Mongolia the third neighbor is called “guravdugaar khorsh”. These are countries with a non-regional presence, that is, the USA, Japan, South Korea, EU, Australia, Canada, India. They represent the collective third neighbor. The Mongols will build relationships with all these countries, trying to balance their neighbors - China and Russia. Agricultural China and the nomadic Mongols and their ancestors have been neighbors for thousands of years. In such a long history, wars and conquests are inevitable. History plays a big role here. You won’t surprise anyone if you say that Mongolia doesn’t like China and the Chinese. And the level of Sinophobia in Mongolia is one of the highest in the world. But this can be explained not only by history. The current situation plays no less role here. China is in many ways Mongolia's leading economic partner due to its more advantageous position.

Large Chinese companies operate primarily in the mining sector. Their activities are not always related to compliance or strict compliance with the law. There are violations of environmental, labor, and tax laws. The Mongolian population sees all this, especially in rural areas, where mineral deposits are located. And in rural areas the level of Sinophobia is much higher than in Ulaanbaatar.

Then there is the fear of Chinese migration, that is, demographic pressure, the fear of a possible Chinese takeover, including a military takeover. Although this is not the primary fear of the Mongols now. China may sooner or later make its historical claims to Mongolian territory.

Many Mongolian politicians and scientists have said that the deterioration of Russia's relations with the West due to Ukraine is a signal for Mongolia that Russia will objectively reorient its economic relations to the East. In particular, during the period of aggravation of relations with Ukraine, the head of Rosneft, Igor Sechin, unexpectedly and urgently visited Mongolia, holding negotiations with Mongolian partners.

In particular, it was mentioned that Russia is ready to enter into long-term oil supply agreements. And Russia is unofficially ready to consider the prospects of building a gas pipeline from the Russian Federation to China through Mongolia.

2.2 Mongolia - China - Russia

Let's consider the concepts necessary for the development of this topic. So, Russian-Mongolian relations are bilateral diplomatic relations between the Russian Federation and Mongolia. Gungaadash B. Mongolia today / B. Gungaadash. - M.: Vid, 2005. - 135 p.

Russia maintains an embassy in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar, as well as a consulate general in Darkhan and a consulate general in Erdenet, while Mongolia maintains an embassy in Moscow, as well as consulates general in Irkutsk, Kyzyl and Ulan-Ude and an honorary consulate in Yekaterinburg.

On November 3, 1912, a Mongolian-Russian agreement (in the Mongolian version, a treaty) was signed in Urga, denoting the recognition of Mongolia as a separate country. The agreement and its protocol were signed directly (bypassing China). They established a Russian protectorate over Outer Mongolia and classified China as a foreign country.

In turn, China recognized Mongolia's right to self-government, its right to manage its industry and trade, and agreed not to send its troops into the country. On May 25, 1915, a trilateral Russian-Chinese-Mongolian agreement was concluded in Kyakhta, proclaiming the autonomy of Mongolia. Mongolia's self-government was confirmed.

Soviet-Mongolian diplomatic relations were officially established on November 5, 1921 after the victory of the People's Revolution. The USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic cooperated in the political, military, economic and cultural spheres. Mongolia supported the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.

With the participation of Soviet specialists, the Trans-Mongolian Railway was built, industrial and agricultural enterprises were created.

Modern Russian-Mongolian relations are based on the Treaty on Friendly Relations and Cooperation of January 20, 1993 and are developing in the spirit of strategic partnership.

Mongolia in its current form gained independence from China solely thanks to Russia. This is the official uncontested position, which means that as soon as Beijing has a chance, Mongolia will immediately say goodbye to independence. Having a huge territory and a very small population, this country does not have the ability to protect itself from Chinese aggression. Only Russia prevents this aggression by the very fact of its existence.

The West cannot be the guarantor of Mongolia's independence. Firstly, for purely geographical reasons: Mongolia is landlocked and borders only Russia and China. Accordingly, for foreign troops to appear on Mongolia’s territory, at a minimum, Russia’s consent is required. Secondly, and much more importantly, even the Americans, not to mention the Europeans and the Japanese, will under no circumstances go to war with China to save Mongolia.

In recent years, Ulaanbaatar has probably begun to understand this. Meanwhile, Moscow also remembered the existence of Mongolia, where until recently the entire population knew Russian. And she decided to pay at least some attention to the country, including in the military sphere, at least slightly updating the hopelessly outdated equipment of the Mongolian army.

Today, the Mongolian ground forces include a motorized rifle brigade, a construction regiment, a peacekeeping battalion (another will be formed), a special forces battalion, as well as up to six incomplete regiments of reduced readiness.

It is very significant that, despite participating in the Afghan and Iraqi campaigns, Mongolia never acquired any American weapons, only a certain amount of equipment and equipment. The Mongols' weapons are still 100% Russian. And relatively new equipment has recently been acquired in Russia. Since 2008, annual joint Russian-Mongolian military exercises have resumed, which take place alternately in Mongolia and in its ethnically related Russian Buryatia.

The fact that the only real guarantor of Mongolia's independence is Russia does not mean that Mongolia needs the Russian Federation more than Russia needs Mongolia. The state, huge in area, occupies an important strategic position between Russia and China. In the event of a war between the last two countries, the one that controls the territory of Mongolia will win. That is why relations with it are critically important for both sides, especially for the weaker one (that is, for Russia). Mongolia maintaining neutrality in the event of such a war seems completely unrealistic.

Significant obstacles to the development of relations between Mongolia and Russia are:

1. maintaining the visa regime;

2. high customs duties on traditional goods of Mongolian export to Russia;

3. high transport tariffs for the transit of Mongolian goods through the territory of Russia;

4. complex bureaucratic procedures for approving the execution of business transactions;

5. passing customs control.

3. Prospects for the dynamic development of Mongolia

3.1 Prospects for the development of the country as a whole

Mongolia, which was on the periphery of international politics just a few decades ago, has in recent years attracted more and more attention from the world community, politicians, political scientists, economists, businessmen and the media.

Experts consider Mongolia to be one of the countries that will develop at the fastest pace in the short term. In the coming years, Mongolia's economy will grow by an average of 13% per year. In fact, Mongolia's GDP grew by 17.3% in 2011 and by 12.3% in 2012. In 2013, there was a slight slowdown in growth rates due to the deterioration of the global economic environment, a decrease in foreign investment and the export of Mongolian coal to China.

The increased interest in Mongolia is due to a number of geopolitical, strategic, economic and other factors.

The country, which occupies an important strategic position in the depths of Inner Asia, is turning into an arena of open and hidden political and economic rivalry between Russia, China, the USA, Japan, the EU, Great Britain, Canada, and South Korea.

Mongolia's rich, not yet fully explored natural resources are undoubtedly a large and tasty piece of the ever-shrinking “global raw materials pie” for many countries.

Modern Mongolia is one of the most successful examples of a relatively rapid and successful transformation from a former socialist to a modern, dynamically developing, democratic country with a multi-party political system, a market economy and an open foreign policy.

Mongolia is emerging as a major player in the global copper market.

3.2 Oil industry

Let's consider the development of the oil industry, its problems and prospects. Mongolia climate Russia

The oil industry in Mongolia requires serious investment in further exploration of oil fields and the construction of oil refining facilities necessary for the development of the sector.

At the same time, Mongolia will soon not only be able to satisfy the needs of its economy for petroleum products, but also join the countries -- oil exporters. Shinkarev L.I. Mongols: traditions, realities, hopes / L.I. Shinkarev. - M.: Soviet Russia, 2000.-- 340 p.

During the years of extensive cooperation between the two countries, Russian geologists, together with Mongolian colleagues, searched for ore and water, oil and coal, that is, everything that was later reflected on the map “Natural Resources of Mongolia. Minerals.” American geologist D. Tenner in 1931 suggested the existence of oil in Mongolia.

After the end of World War II in 1947, the Mongolneft trust was created and in 1950 an oil refinery was built in the city of Dzunbayan.

The reserves of the Dzunbayan field are estimated at 22 million tons; there are three oil regions here. The second unit contains 4 oil-bearing horizons, and the third unit contains 12 oil-bearing horizons.

The crude oil reserves identified to date can meet Mongolia's own fuel needs for 40-50 years.

In 2010, the Mongolian company Mongolsekiyu Co., Ltd. and the Japanese corporation Toyo Engineering signed an agreement on the construction of an oil refinery in the Darkhan aimag. The project is the largest event within the framework of the ten-year main program of Mongolian-Japanese cooperation. The construction of this plant will allow Mongolia to fully provide itself with petroleum products, while about $200 million will be transferred to the country's budget annually. After the plant is commissioned, raw materials will first be supplied from abroad, and in the future it is planned to switch to domestic oil.

The opening of the enterprise will create 600 new jobs.

Exploration with the subsequent stage of oil production has become a very intensively developing industry in the country's economy, attracting the close attention of foreign investors.

All of the above indicates that Mongolia has considerable resources of energy raw materials and is quite capable of satisfying not only its internal needs for it, but also becoming one of the importers of energy drinks.

Conclusion

From the above we can conclude that the main and paramount thing now is extend a hand of friendship to brotherly Mongolia in its difficult hour. During the Great Patriotic War, Mongolia donated half a million horses to the USSR.

First of all, we are talking about cross-border cooperation with the regions of Russia, about joint projects in the field of agriculture, livestock farming, mining and railway transport.

Modern Mongolia is actively integrating into the international economy. The country has a historic chance to dynamically and equally enter the world economy. True, so far this has not been fully achieved.

The raw material orientation of exports, undeveloped infrastructure, high social polarization of Mongolian society, and the uneven territorial distribution of the national economy are not conducive to Mongolia’s harmonious entry into the world community.

The United States, which has its own geopolitical interests in the country, is showing serious interest in Mongolia.

There is oil and gas in Mongolia; they were discovered by Russian geologists. Exploration work is now actively underway; it is being carried out by Chinese, American, English and Australian companies.

Mongolia occupies an extremely advantageous geopolitical position; it is a kind of “key” to Central Asia. The country is very rich in useful resources that may be in demand by neighboring China.

The tough geostrategic and economic situation in which Russia finds itself urgently requires a deep and serious understanding of its place in the world. There is a need for a national doctrine of Russian foreign policy, a balanced relationship with the West and the East.

The development of relations between Russia and Mongolia should be built on national interests, mutual respect and partnership.

Priority projects for the Government of Mongolia, within which cooperation is possible, are:

1. Attracting investment in the development of one of the largest copper and gold deposits Oyu -- Tolgoi, located in southern Mongolia.

2. Development of the large Tavan coal deposit -- Tolgoi, whose reserves are estimated at 6 billion tons.

3. Construction of a large industrial complex for processing coal, copper and gold.

4. Export of meat and meat products abroad.

5. Supply of agricultural machinery to Mongolia.

6. Support for traditions of education in Russia.

7. Joint implementation of a number of projects aimed at reducing smoke-producing sources.

To preserve and strengthen Russia’s strategic positions in Mongolia, it seems advisable to take the following measures. In the context of intensified competition between major powers with their own interests in Mongolia, it is impossible to allow a further weakening of Russia’s position and the growth of negative imbalances for it in the “quadrilateral” Russia -- Mongolia -- China -- USA.

In this regard, it is necessary:

1. consistently pursue a course to intensify and increase the effectiveness of bilateral relations

2. strictly and promptly fulfill the obligations assumed;

3. maintain previous achievements and gain new positions in all areas of life in Mongolia;

Basic moments

Hundreds of kilometers of land separate Mongolia from the nearest seas. This is the second largest country on the planet after Kazakhstan that does not have access to the World Ocean. Mongolia is also known for the fact that among all the sovereign states in the world it is the most sparsely populated, and its main city, Ulaanbaatar, is one of the coldest capitals along with Reykjavik, Helsinki, and Ottawa. But, despite such alarming records, the mysterious and original Mongolia never ceases to attract travelers. The homeland of Genghis Khan is famous for its rich cultural and historical heritage, fantastic landscapes, and diverse landscapes. Mongolia is called the “Land of Eternal Blue Sky” because the sun shines here more than 250 days a year.

There are 22 national parks in the country, most of them have a well-developed tourism infrastructure. There are roads and hiking routes throughout the protected areas, campsites, souvenir shops, cafes, and bird and animal watching areas are available for tourists. Each park offers travelers its own unique destinations and excursion programs. In Ulaanbaatar and Kharkhorin, standing on the site of the ancient Mongolian capital, you can see monuments of Buddhist and Chinese architecture of world significance, in mountain caves along the rivers - rock paintings by primitive artists, in the Mongolian steppes you can see stone steles with weathered images of ancient gods everywhere.

Tourists who like adventure and exotica willingly travel to Mongolia. They go to the desert or climb mountains, travel on horses and camels. The range of active sports entertainment is very wide - from rafting on mountain rivers to paragliding. The ecologically clean reservoirs of Mongolia, where salmon, whitefish, and sturgeon are found, are a dream for lovers of great fishing. There are also separate programs in Mongolia for those who want to go on a yoga tour or hunt with a golden eagle.

All cities of Mongolia

History of Mongolia

Tribes of primitive people began to inhabit the territory of modern Mongolia at least 800,000 ago, and scientists date traces of Homo sapiens presence on these lands to the 40th millennium BC. e. Archaeological excavations indicate that the nomadic way of life, which determined the history, culture, and traditions of the Mongols, established itself in these lands in 3500-2500 BC. e., when people reduced the cultivation of scarce land to a minimum, giving preference to nomadic cattle breeding.

At different times, right up to the early Middle Ages, the tribes of the Huns, Xianbei, Rourans, ancient Turks, Uyghurs, and Khitans replaced, pushed aside, and partially assimilated with each other on Mongolian lands. Each of these peoples contributed to the formation of the Mongolian ethnic group, as well as the language - the Mongol-speaking nature of the ancient Khitans has been reliably confirmed. The ethnonym “Mongol” in the form “Mengu” or “Mengu-li” first appeared in the Chinese historical annals of the Tang Dynasty (VII-X centuries AD). The Chinese gave this name to the “barbarians” who roamed near their northern borders, and it probably corresponded to the self-name of the tribes themselves.

By the end of the 12th century, numerous tribal tribes united in alliances roamed the vast lands stretching from the Great Wall of China to Southern Siberia and from the headwaters of the Irtysh to the Amur. At the beginning of the 13th century, Khan Temujin, who belonged to the ancient Mongolian family of Borjigin, managed to unite most of these tribes under his rule. In 1206, at the kurultai - a congress of the Mongolian nobility - other khans recognized Temujin's supremacy over themselves, proclaiming him the great kagan. The supreme ruler took the name Genghis. He became famous as the founder of the most extensive continental empire in human history, extending its power over most of Eurasia.

Genghis Khan quickly carried out a series of reforms to centralize power, created a powerful army and introduced strict discipline into it. Already in 1207, the Mongols conquered the peoples of Siberia, and in 1213 they invaded the territory of the Chinese state of Jin. In the first quarter of the 13th century, Northern China, Central Asia, and the territories of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Armenia came under the rule of the Mongol Empire. In 1223, the Mongols appeared in the Black Sea steppes, on the Kalka River they crushed the combined Russian-Polovtsian troops. The Mongols pursued the surviving warriors to the Dnieper, invading the territory of Rus'. Having studied the future theater of military operations, they returned to Central Asia.

After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the unity of the Mongol Empire began to acquire only a nominal character. Its territory was divided into four uluses - the hereditary possessions of the sons of the great conqueror. Each of the uluses gravitated towards independence, only formally maintaining subordination to the central region with its capital in Karakorum. Later, Mongolia was ruled by the direct descendants of Genghis Khan - the Genghisids, who bore the titles of great khans. The names of many of them are depicted on the pages of history textbooks telling about the times of the Mongol-Tatar occupation of Rus'.

In 1260, Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan became Great Khan. Having conquered the Celestial Empire, he proclaimed himself the Chinese emperor, the founder of the Yuan dynasty. In the lands conquered by the Mongols, Khubilai established a strict administrative order and introduced a strict tax system, but the ever-increasing taxes caused increasing resistance among the conquered peoples. After a powerful anti-Mongol uprising in China (1378), the Yuan dynasty was defeated. Chinese troops invaded Mongolia and burned its capital, Karakorum. At the same time, the Mongols began to lose their positions in the West. In the middle of the 14th century, the star of a new great conqueror rose - Timur Tamerlane, who defeated the Golden Horde in Central Asia. In 1380, on the Kulikovo field, Russian squads, led by Dmitry Donskoy, completely defeated the Golden Horde, marking the beginning of the liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

At the end of the 14th century, federalization processes intensified in feudal Mongolia. The collapse of the empire lasted for 300 years, and as a result, three large ethnic formations were outlined on its territory, which in turn were divided into several khanates. In the 30s of the 17th century, the Manchu Qing dynasty, ruling in Northeast China, began to lay claim to Mongolian lands. The southern Mongol khanates (now Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region of China) were the first to be conquered; the last to fall under the rule of the Qing dynasty was the Dzungar Khanate, which resisted until 1758.

After the Xinhai Revolution (1911), which destroyed the Qing Empire, a national liberation movement unfolded throughout the former Mongol Empire, which led to the creation of a feudal theocratic state - Bogd Khan Mongolia. It consistently had the status of an independent power, a protectorate of the Russian Empire, an autonomy within China, the ruler of which was the Buddhist leader Bogdo-gegen XVIII. In 1919, the Chinese revoked their autonomy, but two years later they were driven out of Urga (today Ulaanbaatar) by the division of the Russian general Ungern-Sternberg. The White Guards, in turn, were defeated by the Red Army. A People's Government was created in Urga, the power of Bogdo Gegen was limited, and after his death in 1924, Mongolia was proclaimed a People's Republic. Its sovereignty was recognized only by the USSR until the end of World War II.

Most of Mongolia is a vast plateau with mountain ranges, steppes, and hilly valleys located at an altitude of 1000 m. The western lands are divided by a continuous chain of valleys and basins into mountainous regions - the Mongolian Altai with the highest point of the country, Munkh-Khairkhan-Ula (4362 m), the Gobi Altai and Khangai, bounded in the south by the semi-desert Valley of Lakes, and in the West by the Basin of the Great Lakes. In the northeast of Mongolia, near the border with Russia, the Khentei Highlands are located. Its northern spurs stretch into Transbaikalia, and the southwestern ones, descending to the central part of the country, surround its capital - Ulaanbaatar. The southern regions of Mongolia are occupied by the rocky Gobi Desert. Administratively, the country is divided into 21 aimags, the capital has the status of an independent unit.

A quarter of Mongolia's territory is covered by mountain steppes and forests. This belt, covering mainly the Khangai-Khentei and Altai mountain regions, as well as the small territory of the Khangan region, is the most favorable for life and, accordingly, the best developed region. In the steppe regions, people engage in farming and grazing livestock. In the floodplains of rivers, there are often flooded meadows with tall herbs used as hayfields. The northern moist slopes of the mountains are covered with forests, mostly deciduous. The banks of the rivers are bordered by narrow strips of mixed forests, where poplar, willow, bird cherry, sea buckthorn, and birch predominate.

The forests are home to marals, elk, roe deer, deer, brown bears, as well as fur-bearing animals - lynxes, wolverines, manulas, and squirrels. In the mountain-steppe regions there are many wolves, foxes, hares, wild boars; the steppe is inhabited by ungulates, in particular gazelle antelopes, marmots, birds of prey, and partridges.

Full-flowing rivers arise in the mountains. The largest of them is the Selenga (1024 km), crossing Mongolia, then flowing within the Russian Buryatia and flowing into Lake Baikal. Another large river - Kerulen (1254 km) - carries its waters to Lake Dalainor (Gulun-Nur), located in China. There are more than a thousand lakes in Mongolia, their number increases during the rainy season, but shallow seasonal reservoirs soon dry up. 400 km west of Ulaanbaatar, in a tectonic depression in the Khangai Mountains region, there is a large lake Khubsugul, collecting water from 96 tributaries. This mountain lake lies at an altitude of 1646 m, its depth reaches 262 m. In terms of the composition of the water and the presence of a unique relict fauna, Lake Khubsugul is similar to Lake Baikal, from which it is separated by only 200 km. The water temperature in the lake fluctuates between +10...+14 °C.

Climate

Mongolia, located inland, is characterized by a sharply continental climate with long and extremely cold winters, short hot summers, capricious springs, dry air and incredible temperature changes. Precipitation is rare here, most of it occurs in the summer. Winters in Mongolia have little or no snow, and rare snowfalls are considered a natural disaster, as they do not allow livestock to reach food in the steppe. The lack of snow cover cools the exposed ground and leads to the formation of areas of permafrost in the northern regions of the country. It is worth saying that permafrost is not found anywhere else on the planet at similar latitudes. The rivers and lakes of Mongolia are frozen in winter; many reservoirs freeze literally to the bottom. They are ice-free for less than six months, from May to September.

In winter, the entire country falls under the influence of the Siberian anticyclone. High atmospheric pressure sets in here. Weak winds rarely blow and do not bring clouds. At this time, the sun reigns in the sky from morning to evening, illuminating and somewhat warming snowless cities, towns and pastures. The average temperature in January, the coldest month, ranges from -15 °C in the south to -35 °C in the northwest. In mountain basins, frosty air stagnates, and thermometers sometimes record temperatures of –50 °C.

In the warm season, Atlantic air masses approach Mongolia. True, when traveling a long way over land, they waste their moisture. Its remains go mainly to the mountains, especially their northern and western slopes. The Gobi desert region receives the least amount of rain. Summer in the country is warm, with an average daily temperature from north to south from +15 °C to +26 °C. In the Gobi Desert, air temperatures can exceed +50 °C; in this corner of the planet, characterized by an extreme climate, the range of summer and winter temperatures is 113 °C.

Spring weather in Mongolia is extremely unstable. The air at this time becomes extremely dry, winds carrying sand and dust sometimes reach the force of a hurricane. Temperature changes over a short period can amount to tens of degrees. Autumn here, on the contrary, is everywhere quiet, warm, sunny, but it lasts until the first days of November, the arrival of which marks the beginning of winter.

Culture and traditions

Mongolia is a mono-ethnic country. About 95% of its population are Mongols, a little less than 5% are peoples of Turkic origin speaking dialects of the Mongolian language, a small part are Chinese and Russians. The Mongol culture was initially formed under the influence of a nomadic lifestyle, and later it was strongly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism.

Throughout Mongolia's history, shamanism, an ethnic religion widespread among the nomads of Central Asia, was widely practiced here. Gradually, shamanism gave way to Tibetan Buddhism; this religion became official at the end of the 16th century. The first Buddhist temple was built here in 1586, and by the early 30s of the last century there were more than 800 monasteries and about 3,000 temples in the country. During the years of militant atheism, places of worship were closed or destroyed, and thousands of monks were executed. In the 90s, after the fall of communism, traditional religions began to be revived. Tibetan Buddhism has returned to its dominant position, but shamanism continues to be practiced. The peoples of Turkic origin living here traditionally profess Islam.

Before the accession of Genghis Khan, there was no written language in Mongolia. The oldest work of Mongolian literature was “The Secret History of the Mongols” (or “Secret Legend”), dedicated to the formation of the clan of the great conqueror. It was written after his death, in the first half of the 13th century. The Old Mongolian script, created on the basis of the alphabet borrowed from the Uyghurs, existed with some changes until the mid-twentieth century. Today, Mongolia uses the Cyrillic alphabet, which differs from the Russian alphabet by two letters: Ө and Y.

Mongolian music was formed under the influence of nature, nomadic lifestyle, shamanism, and Buddhism. The symbol of the Mongolian nation is the traditional stringed musical instrument morinkhur, its headstock is made in the shape of a horse's head. Long-winded, melodic Mongolian music usually accompanies solo singing. Epic national songs praise the native land or favorite horse; lyrical motifs are usually heard at weddings or family celebrations. Throat and overtone singing is also famous, which, using a special breathing technique, creates the impression that the performer has two voices. Tourists are introduced to this unique form of art during ethnographic excursions.

The nomadic lifestyle of the Mongols was also expressed in local architecture. In the 16th-17th centuries, Buddhist temples were designed as rooms with six and twelve corners under a pyramidal roof, reminiscent of the shape of a yurt - the traditional dwelling of the Mongols. Later, temples began to be built in Tibetan and Chinese architectural traditions. The yurts themselves - mobile collapsible tent houses with a frame covered with felt felt - are still home to 40% of the country's population. Their doors still face the south - towards warmth, and in the north, the most honorable side of the yurt, they are always ready to welcome a guest.

The hospitality of the Mongols is legendary. According to one of them, Genghis Khan bequeathed to his people to always welcome travelers. And today, in the Mongolian steppes, nomads never refuse accommodation or food to strangers. Mongols are also very patriotic and united. It seems that they are all one big happy family. They treat each other with warmth, calling strangers “sister”, “brother”, demonstrating that the respectful relationships instilled in the family extend beyond its borders.

Visa

All sights of Mongolia

Central Mongolia

In the middle of the Tuva (Central) aimag, the main city of the country, Ulaanbaatar, and the territories administratively subordinate to it are located as an enclave. Almost half of Mongolia's population lives here. This vibrant, original city, surrounded by a dense ring of yurts, impresses with its contrasts. High-rise buildings coexist here with ancient Buddhist monasteries, modern skyscrapers coexist with faceless buildings from the times of socialism. The capital has the best hotels, shopping centers, restaurants, nightclubs, and a National Amusement Park.

The city has many monuments dedicated to national heroes and masterpieces of religious architecture. The architectural symbol of Ulaanbaatar is the Gandan Monastery, where 600 monks permanently reside and religious ceremonies are held daily. The main attraction of the temple is a 26-meter statue of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, covered with gold leaf, one of the most revered representatives of the Buddhist pantheon. The Chinese architectural tradition is represented by the palace complex of Bogdo-gegen. The last ruler of Mongolia lived here until 1924.

In the bowels of the modern city, behind a palisade of skyscrapers, lies the beautiful temple complex Choijin-lamyn-sum (Temple of Choijin Lama). It includes several buildings, one of which houses the Museum of Tibetan-Mongolian Religious Art. There are about a dozen wonderful museums with rich collections in Ulaanbaatar. The most famous of them are the National Museum of the History of Mongolia, the Museum of Natural History, and the Museum of Fine Arts.

The near and far surroundings of Ulaanbaatar are incredibly picturesque, where national parks are located surrounded by mountains. Among them, the most famous is Bogd-Khan-Uul, surrounding the mountain of the same name. In its gorge, according to legend, the young Genghis Khan hid from his enemies. A walking route runs through the park, leading to the top of the mountain, from where a spectacular panorama of Ulaanbaatar opens.

Buses depart daily from the capital of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude, to Ulaanbaatar. Departure is at 07:00, arrival at the station at the Ulaanbaatar railway station is at 20:00. The bus travels through the Mongolian cities of Sukhbaatar and Darkhan.

Mongolia is a country located in the eastern part of Asia. Its area is about 1.565 million square kilometers, making Mongolia one of the largest landlocked countries in the world.

The capital of Mongolia is the city of Ulaanbaatar. This state has borders in the north with Russia, and in the south with China.

The country's population is more than 3 million people, most of whom (90%) are Mongols.

Mongolia is a parliamentary republic with its own constitution. The country has a president who is elected by voting for a term of 4 years.

The nature in Mongolia is very beautiful and unique, one might say real, it is the main wealth for this state, because it is practically untouched by man.

Most of all, the territory of this state is dominated by deserts and steppes, the endless expanses of which are simply mind-blowing. Mongolia is also proud of its numerous beautiful blue lakes.

On the territory of this country you can find taiga forests, snow-capped mountains and desert oases. It is worth noting the world-famous Gobi Desert, which occupies almost 0.5 square kilometers - this is a third of the country. This desert consists not only of sandy steppes and oases, but also of grassy plains and saxaul gardens.

The main entertainments of the Mongols are hunting with golden eagles and fishing. Hunting for hares and foxes with the help of golden eagles is very popular in Mongolia, and therefore, nowadays they even organize international festivals with real hunting with the help of such birds.

Archery competitions are also very popular in Mongolia.

A very interesting place for all people, and especially for tourists, is the so-called “dinosaur cemetery”. This cemetery is located in the Nemegetu Mountains. Here you can see dinosaur skeletons in the rocks of the mountains.

Mongolia is a developed country. It has all types of transport - buses, river boats, trains and planes.

Shopping is developed in this country. Mongolia is famous for its renowned finest cashmere in the entire world. Tourists love to buy gold jewelry, blankets and carpets.

The main food products of the Mongols are: lamb, goat meat, horse meat, as well as camel meat, cheese, bread, potatoes and rice. Traditional Mongolian cuisine consists of meat dishes with a lot of fat and flour. The Mongolians' favorite drink is tea, which they like to drink in silence, unlike Russians and other peoples.

Mongolia is certainly an original, beautiful country that is worth visiting for any tourist.

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Mongolia is a state located in East Asia, bordered by Russia, China and landlocked. Vast areas of the country, some of which are unsuitable for life, are unevenly populated. At the same time, Mongolia boasts a fast pace of economic development and a fairly high standard of living of the population. Mongolia has observer status in most international organizations.

Brief history of the state

The first attempts to establish a Mongolian state were made by disunited tribes that settled the territory of modern Mongolia 850 thousand years ago, in the 4th century BC. The Huns then united to fight the Chinese tribes and ruled the Mongolian steppe until 93 BC. Later, the Hunnic Empire was replaced by several Kyrgyz, Turkic and Mongol khanates. None of them managed to gain a foothold in the Mongol lands for a long time: a nomadic lifestyle, militancy and insufficiently authoritative power - all this became the cause of disunity.

A more stable union of tribes went down in history as Khamag Mongol and became the basis of the future Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan. But already from the end of the 13th century, cultural differences, the death of the strongest ruler, the endless redistribution of power and the heterogeneity of the population of the state became the reason for the beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde.

Over the next few centuries, the Mongolian steppes were occupied by various rulers, empires and peoples: the Yuan Empire, the Northern Yuan Dynasty, the Chinese Qing Empire ruled by the Manchu Dynasty - until 1911. When the Xinhai Revolution thundered in China, putting an end to the empire, and a national revolution arose in Mongolia itself, statehood as such did not exist on the territory of modern Mongolia.

New Mongolia was recognized as an autonomous part of the Republic of China in 1915, and nine years later the independence of the state was proclaimed again (for the first time in 1911). However, until the end of World War II, the independence of Mongolia was recognized only by the USSR.

The Mongolian People's Republic was characterized by some features of Soviet power: repression, collectivization, destruction of monasteries, and later perestroika. Japan's aggression was reflected by the joint actions of the USSR and Mongolia. The modern history of Mongolia began with the adoption of a new Constitution in 1992 and a change in political course.

Government and politics

Mongolia, which has a diverse population, is a parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president, the executive branch is represented by the government, and the legislative branch is represented by the parliament, which is called the State Great Khural. Locally, power remains in the hands of local governments, which are elected for a term of four years.

In 2008, an internal political crisis occurred in Mongolia, which provoked mass unrest in the capital of the state (Ulaanbaatar) and caused a change of government and re-election of the president. Currently, the president of the state is Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, the ruling party is the Mongolian People's Party (MPP).

Geography of Mongolia

In terms of territory, the state ranks nineteenth in the world, being quite large. The area of Mongolia is 1,564,116 km², which is comparable, for example, to half of Yakutia. Most of the country (geographically) is occupied by a plain with several towering ridges and mountain ranges. The Gobi Desert is located in the southern part of Mongolia.

All fresh water sources originate in the mountains and are fed by several large tributaries. Mongolia has a large number of lakes, many of which are temporary, that is, they form during the rainy season and disappear during drought.

The area of Mongolia and the location of the state make the climate sharply continental. The average temperature in the winter season ranges from -25 to -35 degrees, in the summer it is within the same values with a plus sign. The amount of precipitation decreases from northwest to south.

Administrative division of the state

Mongolia, whose population is unevenly distributed throughout the state, is divided into 21 aimags, with a total of 329 soums, and the capital Ulaanbaatar. The largest city, as expected, is the capital, with one and a half million permanent residents. The administrative center is followed in terms of population by aimag Khuvsgel (114 thousand people), Dornogovi (109 thousand people) and Uverkhangai (100 thousand people).

A characteristic feature of Mongolia is the presence of temporary settlements, and therefore a different address system is used than the standard one. Thus, in Mongolia there are no usual names of cities, streets, house and apartment numbers, and addresses are replaced by digital codes that allow you to determine the location of an object on the ground with an accuracy of one meter. Moreover, the longer the code, the more accurately the location of the object can be determined. The system is suitable for use on a global scale and is actively used in digital cartography and navigation systems.

Economy of Mongolia

Mongolia's economy is developing unusually dynamically, and the state itself is the largest market in the entire Asia-Pacific region. According to the latest forecasts, the state's economy will grow at least 15% per year in the short term.

The main industries of Mongolia are represented by:

mining (20% of GDP) and mineral resources;
agriculture (16% of GDP);
transport (13%);
trade (also 13%).

Considering the employment of the population, it can be noted that the majority of able-bodied citizens are employed in agriculture (41%), slightly less in the service sector(29%) and trade (14%).

Mongolia imports petroleum products, equipment (both industrial and industrial) and consumer goods (the population is provided with everything necessary). The main partners in international trade are Russia, China, Japan and South Korea.

Financial sector

The Central Bank has the same functions as similar institutions in other countries. The currency of Mongolia is the Mongolian tugrik, which was introduced into circulation back in 1925. Today, the average exchange rate is: 2405 tugriks = 1 US dollar. Despite the fact that there is a national currency of Mongolia, the American dollar is also in circulation (used in almost all areas except for payment of government services) and the Russian ruble or euro, which are accepted in small shops (mainly in the capital) and markets.

By the way, prices in Mongolia pleasantly surprise tourists. You can purchase memorable souvenirs, products made from natural wool and leather, and carpets in the capital at a cost lower than in Russia. Food prices are moderate. So, lunch will cost an average of 6-7 dollars.

Population of the state: general characteristics

The population of Mongolia is characterized by monoethnicity, a predominant urban population (even despite large employment in agriculture), positive natural growth, a large number of dialects in the linguistic affiliation of the population and a diverse religious composition.

State population

The population of Mongolia as of 2015 is 3 million 57 thousand people. Residents of the capital account for one third of the total number of citizens. The nature of the settlement of citizens throughout the state will be discussed in more detail below.

Natural population growth is 28 people per 1000 citizens per year. This fact allowed the population of Mongolia to quadruple between 1950 and 2007. Back in 1918, the population of Mongolia was only 647 thousand people, and by 1969 it was already twice that. No reliable data on the number of inhabitants before 1918 has been preserved due to the difficult history of the formation of statehood, when the territories of Mongolia were part of other countries, and the indigenous population was oppressed.

Density and settlement of residents

The average population density of Mongolia is almost 2 people per square kilometer. This indicator caused the state to be placed in last place (195th line) in the list of population density of countries in the world. The most densely populated areas in Mongolia (5-6 people per square kilometer) are the Orkhon River valley and the mountainous areas of Khangai - the most livable areas to the west of the capital.

Vast territories (40%) of the state are unsuitable for a comfortable life due to natural features. The population density is a record one person per 10-15 square kilometers, and some of the territories remain completely uninhabited.

Ethnic and national composition

Mongolia (the population is predominantly made up of representatives of the Mongolian group) is a mono-ethnic state. The dominant ethnic group is divided into several clans of Turkic origin, subethnic groups and close ethnographic groups.

In addition to the indigenous population, which totals just over 82%, the country is home to Turks, Russians and Chinese. There are only one and a half thousand Russians in Mongolia, whereas back in the late 80s there were as many as 20 thousand. Mostly Old Believers fled to the neighboring state to escape religious persecution in their homeland. There are currently several hundred Chinese living in Mongolia; in the 60s, the number of immigrants from China in Mongolia reached 25 thousand people.

Language and writing in Mongolia

The diversity of closely related ethnic groups predetermines minor, but still pronounced linguistic differences. State (Mongolian) includes several dialects:

Oirat;
directly Mongolian;
Buryat;
Hamnigansky.

Turkic dialects are also widespread:

Kazakh;
Tuvan;
Tsaatan-Soyot.

Teaching in the capital of the state is also conducted in Kazakh.

In 1945, the Mongolian language was translated into Cyrillic with the addition of two more distinct letters. Old Mongolian is not used today, although attempts to restore the language have been made several times. In religious practices, Tibetan is still widely used to this day, in which works of art, religious and scientific treatises were written in past centuries.

Religious affiliation of the population

The main religion in Mongolia is modified Buddhism (53%). Moreover, in the capital the majority are Christian rather than Buddhist temples (197 versus 63). The majority of the population are atheists (38%). Religious diversity is also represented by Islam, shamanism, Christianity and some other religions.

Standards of living

Mongolia, the standard of living of whose population in most sources remains beyond the scope of the narrative, is a fairly developed state with a stable economy. There are still people in the country who lead a nomadic lifestyle, but their existence is made easier by the numerous benefits of civilization. The capital is similar to most modern cities. Thus, today Mongolia is confidently opening a “window to the big world.”

Mongolia is a distant, mysterious country, the birthplace of the great conqueror Genghis Khan. It is often called the “Land of Blue Sky”. This is a country of rocky mountains, lakes, endless steppes and the Gobi Desert. Mongolia has beautiful natural landscapes, many Buddhist temples, and, of course, hospitable local people with their own unique culture.

Geography of Mongolia

Mongolia is located in East and Central Asia. Mongolia borders China to the east, west and south, and Russia to the north. This country is landlocked. The total area of Mongolia is 1,564,116 square meters. km., and the total length of the state border is 8,220 km.

In the south of Mongolia there is the Gobi Desert, which ends in the north of China. The Mongolian Altai mountain system stretches from west to southwest of Mongolia. The highest peak in Mongolia is Kuiten-Uul Peak, whose height reaches 4,374 m.

Several large rivers flow through the territory of Mongolia - Selenga, Kerulen, Tesiin-Gol, Onon, Khalkhin-Gol, etc.

Capital

The capital of Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar, which is now home to about 1.3 million people. Ulaanbaatar was built in 1639, at first there was a Buddhist monastery on its site.

Official language of Mongolia

The official language of the population of Mongolia is Mongolian, which belongs to the Ural-Altaic language family.

Religion

About 50% of the population of Mongolia professes Buddhism (in particular, Tibetan Buddhism), 40% of the population are atheists. Another 6% of Mongols are supporters of shamanism and Christianity, and 4% are Muslims.

Government of Mongolia

According to the current Constitution of 1992, Mongolia is a parliamentary republic. The head of state is the President, who is elected for a 4-year term by popular vote.

The parliament in Mongolia is unicameral, it is called the State Great Khural, and consists of 76 deputies, also elected for a 4-year term.

The main political parties are the Democratic Party, the People's Revolutionary Party, the Green Party and the Religious Democratic Party.

Climate and weather

The climate in Mongolia is distinctly continental with warm summers and long, dry and very cold winters. The average annual air temperature is -3.3C. The highest average air temperature is in July (+22C), and the lowest is in January (-32C).

The best time to visit Mongolia is from May to October.

Rivers and lakes

Several large rivers flow through the territory of Mongolia - Selenga, Kerulen, Tesiin-Gol, Onon, Khalkhin-Gol. In the north of Mongolia, near the border with Russia, there is Lake Khuvsgul, which is considered the deepest in Central Asia.

Story

People appeared on the territory of Mongolia many thousands of years ago. Mongolia has been inhabited since prehistoric times by nomads who from time to time formed state confederations. It was because of the ancient Mongols that the Chinese had to build the Great Wall of China.

In 1206, the Mongol leader Temujin took the title of Genghis Khan, and conquered a number of peoples and countries. Thus the Mongol Empire came into being. After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into four khanates. Under Genghis Khan's successors, the Mongol Empire stretched from Poland in the east to Korea in the west, and from Siberia in the north to Vietnam in the south.

In the 16th century, Buddhism began to spread among the Mongols. In the 15th-16th centuries, frequent internecine wars for power took place among the Mongols. Subsequently, the Mongols had to resist incursions by Chinese troops.

The Chinese Qing dynasty controlled Mongolia until 1911. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic, friendly to the USSR, was formed.

In 1962, the MPR was admitted to the UN. Since 1992, the Mongolian People's Republic has been officially called Mongolia.

Culture

The culture and traditions of the Mongols are very rich. For many centuries, these nomads roamed the steppes and deserts of Central Asia, and the climate there cannot be said to be favorable. Since ancient times, the Mongols have led a nomadic lifestyle, and have not yet abandoned it. Even now in cities, including Ulaanbaatar itself, many Mongols live in yurts.

Every July, Mongols celebrate the Naddam holiday, during which traditional Mongolian competitions are held - horse racing, archery and wrestling.

Every March, Mongols celebrate the end of winter and the arrival of the New Year (according to the lunar calendar). At this time, the Mongols also organize horse racing, national wrestling and archery competitions.

In addition, other festivals are held in Mongolia. The most interesting of them are the Hunting Eagle Festival, the Camel Festival and the Yak Festival.

Cuisine of Mongolia

Meat (beef and lamb) and dairy products are the basis of the diet of any resident of Mongolia. Over the centuries, the Mongols have come up with various specific methods for storing meat. The most popular of them is drying, resulting in the appearance of jerky "borts".

In winter, Mongols most often eat horse meat, and in autumn and spring - lamb. At the end of spring, Mongols eat goat meat.

Mongolian nomads came up with different dairy products - yogurt (tarag, aarts), cottage cheese (byaslag), dried cottage cheese (aarul), and mare's milk kumiss (airag).

Mongolians, as a rule, begin to eat dairy products in late spring. In the summer, the main food products of the Mongols are dairy products.

The Mongols are nomads living in the steppes. Therefore, it is not surprising that they season their dishes with various steppe herbs and herbs. In recent years, Mongolians have been growing more and more vegetables.

If you are in Mongolia, then you will have to drink local tea there. The Mongols make tea in a very unique way by adding milk to it. The main ingredients of Mongolian tea are green brick tea, milk, rice, flour, butter, salt. Sometimes Mongolians even add small pieces of meat to tea. Mongolians can drink tea with fried boortsog buns.

Attractions

Ancient Mongolia preserved a large number of unique historical, architectural and archaeological monuments. Neolithic paintings near the Chultyn-Gol River, for example, are protected by UNESCO. The Top 10 best attractions in Mongolia, in our opinion, may include the following:

Peace Bell in Ulaanbaatar
Mausoleum of Sukhbaatar in Ulaanbaatar
Gandan Monastery
Khan's Palace with sculptures of the goddess Tara in Ulaanbaatar
Manzushir Monastery
Mount Bogd-Ul on which Genghis Khan was born
Ruins of Karakorum, former capital of the Mongol Empire
Neolithic paintings near the Chultyn-Gol river
Monastery "Hundred Treasures"
Janrai Sing Temple in Ulaanbaatar

Cities and resorts

The largest cities in Mongolia are Erdenet (about 100 thousand people live there), Darkhan and, of course, the capital - Ulaanbaatar, which is now home to about 1.3 million people.

There are no beach or ski resorts in Mongolia, but tourists like this country for other reasons.

Tourists in Mongolia are attracted by the amazing nature, unique historical monuments and unique culture of the Mongols. So, National Geographic, for example, organizes appropriate tours to Mongolia for tourists who love adventure. In addition, the tourist route “Land of the Snow Leopard” passes through the territory of Mongolia (together with Tuva and Altai in Russia).

Climate of Mongolia. Geographical location and interesting facts. Mongolia Conclusion about Mongolia

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Introduction

1. Characteristics of Mongolia

1.1 General characteristics

1.2 History of Mongolia

2. Foreign policy of Mongolia

2.1 Mongolia - Ukraine - Russia

2.2 Mongolia - China - Russia

3. Prospects for the dynamic development of Mongolia

3.1 Prospects for the development of the country as a whole

3.2 Oil industry

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

1.1 General characteristics

1.2 History of Mongolia

2. Foreign policy of Mongolia

2.1 Mongolia - Ukraine - Russia

3. Prospects for the dynamic development of Mongolia

3.1 Prospects for the development of the country as a whole

3.2 Oil industry

Let's consider the development of the oil industry, its problems and prospects. Mongolia climate Russia

The oil industry in Mongolia requires serious investment in further exploration of oil fields and the construction of oil refining facilities necessary for the development of the sector.

At the same time, Mongolia will soon not only be able to satisfy the needs of its economy for petroleum products, but also join the countries -- oil exporters. Shinkarev L.I. Mongols: traditions, realities, hopes / L.I. Shinkarev. - M.: Soviet Russia, 2000.-- 340 p.

After the end of World War II in 1947, the Mongolneft trust was created and in 1950 an oil refinery was built in the city of Dzunbayan.

The reserves of the Dzunbayan field are estimated at 22 million tons; there are three oil regions here. The second unit contains 4 oil-bearing horizons, and the third unit contains 12 oil-bearing horizons.

The crude oil reserves identified to date can meet Mongolia's own fuel needs for 40-50 years.

Conclusion

From the above we can conclude that the main and paramount thing now is extend a hand of friendship to brotherly Mongolia in its difficult hour. During the Great Patriotic War, Mongolia donated half a million horses to the USSR.

First of all, we are talking about cross-border cooperation with the regions of Russia, about joint projects in the field of agriculture, livestock farming, mining and railway transport.

Modern Mongolia is actively integrating into the international economy. The country has a historic chance to dynamically and equally enter the world economy. True, so far this has not been fully achieved.

The raw material orientation of exports, undeveloped infrastructure, high social polarization of Mongolian society, and the uneven territorial distribution of the national economy are not conducive to Mongolia’s harmonious entry into the world community.

The United States, which has its own geopolitical interests in the country, is showing serious interest in Mongolia.

There is oil and gas in Mongolia; they were discovered by Russian geologists. Exploration work is now actively underway; it is being carried out by Chinese, American, English and Australian companies.

Mongolia occupies an extremely advantageous geopolitical position; it is a kind of “key” to Central Asia. The country is very rich in useful resources that may be in demand by neighboring China.

The tough geostrategic and economic situation in which Russia finds itself urgently requires a deep and serious understanding of its place in the world. There is a need for a national doctrine of Russian foreign policy, a balanced relationship with the West and the East.

The development of relations between Russia and Mongolia should be built on national interests, mutual respect and partnership.

Priority projects for the Government of Mongolia, within which cooperation is possible, are:

1. Attracting investment in the development of one of the largest copper and gold deposits Oyu -- Tolgoi, located in southern Mongolia.

2. Development of the large Tavan coal deposit -- Tolgoi, whose reserves are estimated at 6 billion tons.

3. Construction of a large industrial complex for processing coal, copper and gold.

4. Export of meat and meat products abroad.

5. Supply of agricultural machinery to Mongolia.

6. Support for traditions of education in Russia.

7. Joint implementation of a number of projects aimed at reducing smoke-producing sources.

In this regard, it is necessary:

1. consistently pursue a course to intensify and increase the effectiveness of bilateral relations

2. strictly and promptly fulfill the obligations assumed;

3. maintain previous achievements and gain new positions in all areas of life in Mongolia;

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