Map of Luxembourg. Map of the city of Luxembourg. Where is Luxembourg located on the world map. Luxembourg is the capital. Luxembourg City - the capital of the state of Luxembourg: attractions, excursions Luxembourg government

Useful information for tourists about Luxembourg, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Luxembourg, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions in Luxembourg.

Geography of Luxembourg

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a state in Western Europe. It borders on the west and north with Belgium, on the east with Germany and on the south with France.

The southern half of Luxembourg - Gutland - is a continuation of the Lorraine plateau and is characterized by undulating terrain. A system of ridges and ledges is expressed here, gradually descending to the east. In the north of the country, in Essling, occupied by the foothills of the Ardennes, a highly dissected terrain with heights of up to 400–500 m is developed. The highest point is Mount Burgplatz (559 m).

The largest river in Luxembourg, the Sur (Sauer), originates in Belgium and flows to the east, then, after confluence with the Ur, to the southeast and south and flows into the Moselle. The Alzette, a southern tributary of the Sur, flows through the capital city of Luxembourg and the industrial cities of Esch-sur-Alzette, Mersch and Ettelbrück.

State

State structure

Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the Grand Duke, who approves laws, appoints officials to senior government positions, and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The legislative body is the Chamber of Deputies. The Council of State, appointed by the monarch, is also vested with certain limited legislative functions. Executive power is exercised by the Grand Duke and the government headed by the Prime Minister.

Language

Official language: Luxembourgish, German, French

Residents speak Luxembourgish, which is based on a dialect of German with numerous borrowings from French. French and German are also the official languages ​​of the country. In addition, many residents speak English.

Religion

The predominant religion is Roman Catholic, but the constitution guarantees freedom of religion and there are small Protestant and Jewish communities in major cities.

Currency

International name: EUR

A euro is equal to 100 cents. In circulation are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros, as well as coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents.
You can exchange currency in banks, currency exchange offices (located everywhere near banks, railway stations, hotels and at the airport).

Credit cards from the world's leading systems and travel checks are freely used, and they can be used even in the “most remote” areas of the country. Some stores only accept credit cards for purchases over 120-200 euros.

Popular attractions

Tourism in Luxembourg

Popular hotels

Excursions and attractions in Luxembourg

Luxembourg is a small state in Western Europe. This area has been inhabited since the Late Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Luxembourg, known in those days as Lucklinburhoek (small fortress), appeared in 963 AD. The state, tiny in size, nevertheless amazes with the abundance of historical and cultural attractions. The natural landscapes of Luxembourg are also magnificent.

The capital of Luxembourg with the same name is a very picturesque city, as well as the economic and cultural center of the country. The visiting card of the city and the symbol of the state is the Adolf Bridge, connecting the Upper and Lower towns. At the time of its construction (1900-1903) it was the largest stone bridge in the world. The Upper Town is home to an iconic landmark - the ancient Luxembourg fortress. In 1868, the fortress was destroyed as part of the treaty that gave the Duchy of Luxembourg its independence. And yet, an impressive part of the once famous fortification has survived to this day - some walls with loopholes, the citadel of the Holy Spirit, the fortress gates “Three Doves” and “Trev”, the “Three Acorns” towers, casemates and long passages carved into the depths of the rock . There is a magnificent park next to the fortress. It ends with a cliff from which a beautiful view of the old suburb of Bock and the ruins of the count's castle opens. Important attractions of Luxembourg are also the Grand Duke's Palace, Notre Dame Cathedral of Luxembourg, Saint-Michel Cathedral, Saint-Cyren's Rock Chapel, City Hall, Newmunster Abbey, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Casino, Villa Vauban, Grand Theater of Luxembourg, Theater Capuchins and the House of Radio. The city has a huge number of different museums and galleries, among which the most interesting are the National Museum of History and Art, the National Historical Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, the City History Museum, the Museum of Ancient Musical Instruments, the Museum of Weapons and Fortifications, as well as the galleries of Pescatore, Am Tunnel”, Bummont, “La Cité”, Gerard Kayser and the National Gallery of Tutesal. Of course, it is worth visiting the Garden of the Spanish Governor Ernst Mansfeld and the Ring of Parks, as well as strolling along the picturesque Royal Boulevard.

The town of Vianden is also interesting to visit - one of the most picturesque places in Luxembourg. The city is famous for its beautiful medieval castle "Vianden" standing on a high mountain. In addition to its colossal architectural value, the castle attracts with its magnificent interior decoration and a unique collection of weapons from different eras and knightly armor. An important city attraction is the house-museum of the famous writer Victor Hugo. In Vianden, it is also worth visiting the Trinity Church and the Indian Forest Vianden amusement park.

A very popular tourist destination is the so-called “Little Switzerland” with unique natural landscapes that are actually very similar to the landscapes of Switzerland. On its territory is the city of Echternach - one of the oldest cities in Luxembourg with many historical and architectural attractions, the town of Beaufort with the once majestic castle of the same name, located in its vicinity, as well as Berdorf and its famous “Roman Cave”.

In the vicinity of the capital of Luxembourg is the Eisch Valley or the so-called “Valley of the Seven Castles”, where the New Ansembourg Castle, the Old Ansembourg Castle, the Körich Castle, the Schönfels Castle, as well as the castles of Mersch, Settefontaine and Hollenfels are located. Also worth visiting are the city of Clairvaux with its famous abbey and medieval castle, the picturesque town of Wiltz, the ancient center of cloth-making - Esch-sur-Sur and the popular balneological resort of Mondorf-les-Bains, famous for its mineral springs.

Luxembourg- a state in Western Europe. It borders on Belgium to the north and west, Germany to the east and France to the south.

The name comes from the High German lucilinburch - "small town".

Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Capital: Luxembourg

The area of ​​the land: 2,586 thousand sq. km

Total Population: 480 thousand people

Administrative division: 3 districts, which, in turn, are divided into cantons, and those into communes.

Form of government: A constitutional monarchy.

Head of State: Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Population composition: 30% are Luxembourgers, 36.9% are Portuguese, 13.5% are Italians, 11.2% are French, 8.9% are Belgians and 6.8% are Germans.

Official language: Luxembourgish (a dialect of German with elements of French), French and German.

Religion: 90% are Catholics, there are Protestants.

Internet domain: .lu, .eu

Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz

Country dialing code: +352

Country barcode: 540 - 549

Climate

In terms of climatic features, Luxembourg is similar to the Netherlands and Belgium. Summer is warm, the average temperature in July is 17° C. In winter, positive temperatures prevail, but in the foothills of the Ardennes there are sometimes frosts - down to –15° C. During the year in the city of Luxembourg, an average of 760 mm of precipitation falls, partly in the form of snow. In the north of the country, the average annual precipitation increases to 850–900 mm, and snowfalls occur more often. In the valleys of the Moselle and the lower reaches of the Sur, hail often falls.

Geography

The country is located in Western Europe, between 6° 10" east longitude and 49° 45" north latitude. It borders on the east with Germany (138 km), on the south with France (73 km) and on the west with Belgium (148 km). In the east the country is limited by the Moselle River. The relief is mainly a hilly, elevated plain, in the north of which the spurs of the Ardennes rise (the highest point is Burgplatz, 559 m). The total area of ​​the country is about 2.6 thousand square meters. km. The capital is also called Luxembourg, as is the adjacent province of Belgium, which occupies a larger area than the Duchy of Luxembourg.

The territory of Luxembourg can be divided into 2 parts - northern (Esling) with the spurs of the Ardennes and southern (Gutland - “good land”). The southern half of Luxembourg is an extension of the Lorraine plateau and is characterized by undulating cuesta terrain. Here the relief is represented by a system of ridges and ledges, gradually descending to the east. Cultural landscapes predominate. In the north of the country, in Essling, occupied by the foothills of the Ardennes, a highly dissected terrain with heights of up to 400–500 m is developed.

The highest point is Mount Burgplatz (559 m). The soils in the north are composed of quartz and shale rocks, which are infertile. In the south there are fertile loamy soils.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

More than 1/3 of Luxembourg's territory is occupied by oak and beech forests. They are concentrated in Essling and northern Gutland. Larch and spruce appear in the upper slopes of the Ardennes. In some places there are heathers and peat bogs. In Luxembourg, such heat-loving plants as walnut, apricot, holly, boxwood, dogwood, and barberry are cultivated in gardens and parks.

Animal world

The fauna is greatly depleted. You can see hares in the arable fields, and individual roe deer, chamois and wild boars in the forest thickets. Many squirrels live here. Birds include wood pigeons, jays and buzzards, as well as pheasants. A sparrowhawk became a rare visitor. The dense forest thickets are home to hazel grouse and capercaillie. There are trout in the rivers and streams of Essling.

Attractions

The first mention of Luxembourg dates back to 963, at that time it was known as "Luklinburhoek", which in the local dialect meant "small castle". A person who comes to this tiny country for the first time is amazed by the variety of landscapes that fit into such a small territory, as well as the originality of the traditions and way of life of the local residents.

From the strongest fortress in Europe, Luxembourg, built by the French Marshal Vauban and destroyed in 1868, many buildings have still survived - individual walls with loopholes, some of the fortress gates (for example, the unique gate "Three Doves", the gate of Treves and etc.), long passages and casemates in the depths of the rock, the Three Acorns tower along the edges of the rocky area above the cliff and the citadel of the Holy Spirit. Near the square, on the site of ancient fortifications, there is a park, which on the other side ends in a cliff, from which a wonderful view of the ancient suburb of Bock and the ruins of the castle opens.

Of interest are the garden of the Spanish governor Ernst Mansfeld (late 16th century), the labyrinth of ancient houses of the National Museum of History and Art, the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1751), Notre Dame Cathedral (Notre Dame, 1613-1621), famous for its majestic sculptures and the tomb of the Grand Dukes, as well as the tomb of the King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg John the Blind. It is worth visiting the Refugium of the Trier Abbey of St. Maximin (1751), the former Jesuit college (1603-1735, now the National Library is located here), the Town Hall building (1830-1838), the Church of Saint-Michel (built in the 10th century) . and rebuilt in the 16th century), the chapel of St. Quirin (XIV century), the Church of St. John on the Rock (XVII century), the Bastion of the Holy Spirit, the Casino (1882) and many other historical and cultural monuments.

One of the places of pilgrimage for tourists is the former underground defensive systems of the Bock and La Petrus casemates, in which 35 thousand people took refuge during the Second World War. Above the Bokk casemates on the rock lie the ruins of the first count's fortress. During the tourist season, the main bridges and buildings, as well as all the ancient fortifications, are skillfully illuminated.

The Royal Boulevard and the Ring of Parks, densely built up with dozens of bank buildings, offices and shopping centers, surround the ancient city center in a semi-ring. Two pedestrian streets depart from Hamilius Square - Post Street and Monterey Avenue. Nearby lies Place des Armes - once a meeting place for young Luxembourgers (now there is a pedestrian zone and dozens of restaurants and bistros), which has been “replaced” in this role by Place Hamilius.

Also of interest here are the Waldbilig Chapel, a small passage on Wilhelm II Square, the City Hall building, the National Monument of Solidarity with the Eternal Flame, etc. You can explore the old quarters of Gron (Stadgro), Dinselpurt, Klosen, Pfafendal and others, or visit the ancient Benedictine monastery of Münster with its church St. John the Baptist, the building of the Palace of European Justice in the Kirchberg district, the Central Archives of the Grand Duchy in the old armory building, as well as the Fish Market Square and explore many old houses of the local bourgeoisie, most of which are made in a very original architectural style.

Banks and currency

Since January 2002, the official currency of Luxembourg is the euro. 1 euro is equal to 100 cents. In circulation are banknotes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros, as well as coins of 1 and 2 euros and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents.

Banks are open on weekdays from 9:00 to 16:00 with a lunch break from 12:00 to 14:00. On weekends, banks are open until 12:00. Most exchange offices are open throughout the week.

You can exchange foreign currency at banks and currency exchange offices, which are located at banks, at railway stations, in hotels and at the airport. Banks offer better exchange rates.

Credit cards and traveler's checks are accepted for payment everywhere. Some stores only accept credit cards for purchases over 100 euros.

Useful information for tourists

Luxembourgers give the impression of being reserved and overly reserved (most locals live in small families and prefer their own houses), although this is not entirely true. When communicating with visitors, the residents of the country are extremely polite and correct; they also easily come to the aid of tourists in any difficult situation.

Luxembourg has virtually no nightlife tradition and the entertainment industry is aimed mainly at foreigners.

In spring, the country widely celebrates Shepherds' Day with a colorful procession and carnival. Luxembourg is famous for its Mosel wines. Flower exhibitions are held annually.

You can move freely throughout the country, but you should carefully monitor the observance of the rights of private property - crossing the latter, and even more so, settling on private territory for the night, fishing or collecting plants is possible only with the permission of the owner or tenant. Otherwise, the police have the right to take any measures, including detention and deportation from the country.

Tips in most establishments are 10%; in taxis the amount is rounded up.

To travel to Luxembourg you need a visa (Schengen). To enter the country you must have a passport and a visa, as well as a health insurance policy.

Obtaining an entry visa. For questions regarding obtaining a visa, please contact the Luxembourg Embassy in Moscow at the address: 119034, Moscow, Khrushchevsky Lane, 3
Tel. (+7 495) 786-66-65
Fax: (+7 495) 786-66-69
E-mail address [email protected].
Internet page http://moscou.mae.lu.
Reception days: Mon, Tue, Thu, Fri. from 10.00 to 12.00.
Must have:
- original invitation (for a private visa);
- confirmation of hotel reservation (for tourist visa);
- 2 profiles with photographs;
- medical insurance (required).
Visa processing will take 10-14 days.

List of documents for obtaining a visa to Luxembourg.
By private invitation:
- original invitation certified by the City Administration (Declaration de prise en charge);
- hotel reservations and air tickets (for persons traveling on a tourist trip;




- medical insurance valid for the entire duration of the visa in all Schengen countries (presentation of the document is possible upon receipt of the visa);
- a valid Russian visa and registration (for foreign citizens living in the Russian Federation).
A Schengen visa is issued only for the period of validity of a Russian visa.
Personal presence is required when submitting documents.
By business invitation:
- original invitation (letter from the inviting organization);
- a foreign passport valid for at least 3 months after the visa expires;
- two forms filled out in English, German or French, with attached color photographs 35 x 45 mm;
- certificate from place of work or study;
- work permit in the Russian Federation (for foreign citizens);
- medical insurance valid for the entire duration of the visa in all Schengen countries (providing the document is possible upon receipt of the visa).

When traveling through the country in transit, you must apply for a regular visa (in April 2010, a unified visa code came into force, in which there is no concept of a transit visa).

A consular fee of 35 euros is paid in euros when submitting documents. If a visa is refused, the consular fee is not refunded.

The visa application procedure usually takes about two weeks, and there are no queues at the Embassy. To obtain a visa, the applicant provides documents in accordance with the requirements of the Embassy. When submitting documents for a trip to Luxembourg by private invitation or as a tourist, the applicant’s personal presence is required.

Obtaining a residence permit. Residence permits come in different categories (salary worker, employee, independent worker, etc.).
Documents can be submitted either by the employer in Luxembourg (in the case of an employee) or through the Luxembourg Embassy in Moscow, which in turn transmits them to the Ministry of Immigration.
Documents in foreign languages ​​(in particular Russian) must be translated by a certified translator into one of the official languages ​​of Luxembourg and have an apostille.
More detailed information can be found on the website of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry www.mae.lu/en/Site-MAE/Immigration/Entree-et-sejour-des-etrangers2.

Traveling with children. The following documents are additionally required:
- a copy of the birth certificate, translated into French, German or English;
- parental permission for the child to travel to the Schengen countries.
If a child travels with one of the parents, written consent for the departure of the other parent is required.
In the event of the death of one of the parents, a death certificate must be provided.
All listed documents must be translated into French, German or English. Copies of documents and translations must be notarized.
The Embassy reserves the right to request any additional documents.

When entering the Schengen zone, Russians are required to present a passport and visa. In addition, they must be prepared to present a document providing the basis for the trip (invitation), and also prove that they have sufficient financial resources to pay the costs of the return trip.
Upon arrival in the country, registration is carried out within three days with the police or with the administration of the commune at the place of temporary residence.

National flag of Luxembourg.

Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, French Grand-Duche de Luxembourg) is a state in Western Europe, located between the Moselle and Meuse rivers. In the north and west, Luxembourg borders on Belgium (the adjacent province of Belgium is also called Luxembourg), in the east - on Germany, in the south - on France. Territory area - 2586 sq. km. The population of the state is 480 thousand people. Native Luxembourgers make up three quarters of the country's population. The rest are Germans, Belgians, Italians, Portuguese, French. Most of the believers are Catholics.

Luxembourg. Upper city.

The official languages ​​in the country are French, German and Luxembourgish (one of the Rhine dialects of German); Luxembourgish was adopted as official only in 1985. Luxembourgish is spoken on the streets and at home, French is spoken more often in government offices, and German is the language of business and the press. English is spoken in the capital, but is hardly spoken in rural areas. The country is divided into three administrative districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch and Grevenmacher), 12 cantons, 118 urban and rural communes. The capital is Luxembourg. Other large cities in the country are Esch-sur-Alzette, Differdange, Dudelange; tourist centers - Echternach and Mondorf-les-Bains.

Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy. The current constitution came into force on October 17, 1868 and has been amended and supplemented several times. The head of state is the Grand Duke of the Nassau dynasty. Since 1964, the country has been led by Grand Duke Jean (born January 5, 1921). In September 2000, he abdicated power in favor of his son Prince Henri (born April 16, 1955). The highest legislative body is the unicameral parliament (Chamber of Deputies). The head of government is the minister of state.

Natural conditions

The southern part of the country is a continuation of the Lorraine plateau and is a hilly medium-altitude area with a pronounced system of ridges and ledges, gradually descending to the east; in the north there are spurs of the Ardennes (height up to 565 m) and the Rhine Slate Mountains. In the north of the country, in Essling, occupied by the foothills of the Ardennes, a highly dissected terrain with heights of up to 400-500 m is developed. The highest point is Mount Burgplatz (559 m). The rivers belong to the Moselle basin. The largest river in Luxembourg - the Sur (Sauer) - originates in Belgium and flows to the east, then, after confluence with the Ur, to the southeast and south and flows into the Moselle. The Alzette, a southern tributary of the Sur, flows through the capital city of Luxembourg and the industrial cities of Esch-sur-Alzette, Mersch and Ettelbrück. There are trout in the rivers and streams of Essling.

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when Luxembourg was part of France, it was called the Department of Forêt (“Forest Department”). Until now, about a third of Luxembourg's territory is covered by forests (on the plains there are deciduous trees - oak and beech trees, in the mountains - coniferous trees). They are concentrated in Essling and northern Gutland. Larch and spruce appear in the upper slopes of the Ardennes. In some places there are heathers and peat bogs.

Orchards and vineyards grow in river valleys. In the gardens and parks of Luxembourg, heat-loving plants such as walnut, apricot, holly, boxwood, dogwood, and barberry are cultivated. In terms of climatic features, Luxembourg is similar to the Netherlands and Belgium. The climate is temperate, transitional from maritime to continental. Winters are mild (average temperatures in January +1 °C), summers are not hot (average temperatures in July +17 °C). Precipitation is over 700 mm per year. In the foothills of the Ardennes, snow often falls in winter, sometimes with frosts down to –15 ° C. The sunniest months are May, June, July and August; however, the first half of September can also be sunny.

Natural attractions

The southern, largest part of Luxembourg (68% of the territory, 87% of the population) - Gutland ("good land") - is a hilly, mid-altitude area, cultivated by human economic activity. Small fields, gardens, meadows and pastures, small forests and thickets of bushes - all this constantly alternates with each other, creating an extremely varied landscape.

The area east of the city of Echternach, along the White and Black Erenz rivers, called “Luxembourg Switzerland,” stands out as a unique corner of the country. Here, on the border of Triassic limestones and Jurassic sandstones, bizarre pointed peaks and deep gorges with steep walls were formed; stone pillars are piled above the gorges, further enhancing the idea of ​​height and depth.

In the extreme south of Gutland, on the border with France, there is the resort of Mondorf, famous for its mineral waters, as well as the balneological resort of Mondor-les-Bains (in the Moselle valley). On the plateau near the town of Useldange there is the Luxembourg Sailing Circle, where from the beginning of May to the end of October, those who want to practice hang gliding can undergo an “air baptism”. There are several nature reserves in Luxembourg; in the Ardennes there is the German-Luxembourg Forest Park ("Deutsch-Luxemburgischer") - a natural national park, part of which is located in Germany.

Economy

Luxembourg is a highly developed industrial country, one of the most prosperous countries in Europe. The structure of GDP is dominated by the services sector, finance and trade. These industries employ about 50% of the economically active population. Until the mid-1990s, the leading industry was iron and steel, which developed from the rich iron ore deposits (belonging to the vast Lorraine basin) near the southern border of Luxembourg. In 1997, iron ore mining was stopped and the last blast furnace was extinguished. The steel industry has long played a major role in the country's economy. The main steelmaking concern ARBED, founded in 1911, was the country's largest industrial enterprise. Later, steel production was reoriented to the use of scrap metal as raw material and smelting in electric furnaces. Almost all energy consumed in Luxembourg is imported, including oil, natural gas, and coal.

The chemical, leather, cement, earthenware (glass, porcelain), woodworking, clothing (including weaving), and food-flavoring industries are also developing; creation of telecommunication networks and production of audio and video equipment. Luxembourg is a major international financial and tourism center. In the 20th century Luxembourg has become one of the world's largest banking centers. There are over 200 of the world's largest banks operating in the country. Since 1929, the government has encouraged large multinational companies to register in the country - these associations have branches around the world, but are very heavily taxed in their “home” countries. The liberal tax climate and the almost complete absence of taxation of offshore transactions attracts numerous foreign capital to the country.

With high industrial development in the country, they continue to engage in traditional branches of agriculture - meat and dairy farming, horticulture, viticulture. The vineyards along the Moselle River are especially famous for producing excellent wine. The country is a member of the Benelux economic union and the European Union (EU). On January 1, 2002, the monetary unit of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg franc, was replaced by the euro.

Story

Luxembourg fell under the rule of German, French, Austrian, Dutch and Spanish rulers more than once. After the fall of the Roman Empire, this territory was conquered by the Franks in the 5th century, and later became part of the vast empire of Charlemagne. In 963-987 one of Charles's descendants, Siegfried, built a fortress on steep cliffs rising above the Alzette River and made it the center of his possessions along the Moselle and in the Ardennes mountains. And in the 11th century. Conrad, who assumed the title of Count of Luxembourg, became the founder of the dynasty. The male line of this family was cut short in 1136. Luxembourg passed through the female line to the Count of Namur, and then to the Count of Limburg.

The founder of the Luxembourg-Limburg dynasty was Henry I the Blonde (1247-1281), whose son Henry II fell in the Battle of Woringen, which separated Limburg from Luxembourg, transferring it to the power of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1308, the son of Henry II, Henry III of Luxembourg, was elected Holy Roman Emperor under the name of Henry VII, and founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which later included the emperors Charles IV, Wenceslas (Czech king Wenceslas IV) and Sigismund I. In 1354 Charles IV transferred the County of Luxembourg, which he elevated to the level of a duchy, to his brother, Wenceslas. After the death of the childless Wenceslas, the duchy passed from generation to generation. So, since 1419 it belonged to the Dukes of Burgundy.

After the death of Sigismund in 1437, as a result of the marriage of his daughter to the Austrian Duke Albrecht V of Habsburg (German King Albrecht II), the Duchy of Luxembourg passed to the Habsburg dynasty. In 1443 it was captured by the Duke of Burgundy, and the power of the Habsburgs was restored only in 1477. In 1555, together with Holland and Flanders, Luxembourg went to the Spanish Habsburg - Philip II.

In the 17th century Luxembourg was repeatedly involved in wars between Spain and the increasingly powerful France. According to the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, Louis XIV reconquered the southwestern edge of the duchy with the cities of Thionville and Montmédy. During the military campaign of 1684, the French captured the fortress of Luxembourg and remained there for 13 years, until, under the terms of the Peace of Ryswick, Louis was forced to return it to Spain along with the lands he had captured in Belgium. And only in 1713, after long wars, under the terms of the Peace of Utrecht, Belgium and the territory of the modern Duchy of Luxembourg came back under the rule of the Austrian Habsburgs.

After the Great French Revolution, the Luxembourg fortress was taken not by weapons, but by blockade. Republican French troops entered Luxembourg in 1795, and the area remained under French rule until 1813. In 1815, by decision of the Congress of Vienna, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was created, the crown of which was transferred to the King of the United Netherlands (modern Belgium and the Netherlands) William I (Willem I) in exchange for his former possessions, which were annexed to the Duchy of Hesse. At the same time, some areas were separated from the former Luxembourg in favor of Prussia. Luxembourg found itself in a personal union with the Netherlands. At the same time, Luxembourg was included in the confederation of independent states - the German Confederation (and was part of it until 1860), and Prussian troops were allowed to maintain their garrison in the capital's fortress.

The revolution of 1830 in Belgium also affected Luxembourg, with the exception of the capital, which was held by a Prussian garrison. This led to the dismemberment of the rebellious country: the western, French-speaking (Walloon) part (two-thirds of the territory) was transferred by the Treaty of London in 1839 to Belgium as the independent province of Luxembourg. And William I remained the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, reduced in size to its current borders and connected with the ruler of the Netherlands only by personal union. In 1841, Wilhelm II octroied (granted) a special constitution for Luxembourg, and from 1842 to 1919 Luxembourg was part of the Customs Union of German States.

After the collapse of the German Confederation in 1866, the prolonged stay of the Prussian garrison in the city of Luxembourg began to displease France. Negotiations were held between William III and Napoleon III about the sale of Luxembourg, but at this time an acute conflict broke out between France and Prussia. By decision of the London Conference of 1867, the Prussian garrison was withdrawn from the city of Luxembourg, and the fortifications of Luxembourg were razed to the ground. The independence and neutrality of Luxembourg were proclaimed. The throne in the Grand Duchy remained the privilege of the Nassau dynasty.

The personal union with the Netherlands was interrupted in 1890 after the death of William III. In the Netherlands the crown passed to his daughter Wilhelmina, and in Luxembourg, where according to ancient laws the throne was passed only through the male line, to Grand Duke Adolphus, representing another branch of the House of Nassau. Adolf was succeeded by his son William IV (1905-1912), and Wilhelm (with a change in the law of succession) by his daughter Maria Adelaide.

During the First World War 1914-1918. Luxembourg was occupied by the German army. On January 9, 1919, Mary Adelaide abdicated the throne in favor of her sister Charlotte. In 1919, a referendum was held to decide whether Luxembourg wished to remain a Grand Duchy with the ruling house of Nassau. The population of Luxembourg voted for the country's independence, but at the same time for an economic union with France, which, in order to improve relations with Belgium, rejected this proposal and thereby prompted Luxembourg to conclude an agreement with Belgium. As a result, in 1921, an economic (including customs) union with Belgium was established that had lasted for half a century.

Luxembourg's neutrality was again violated by Germany when troops entered the country on May 10, 1940. Following the German invasion, Grand Duchess Charlotte organized a government in exile based in London and Montreal. German plans to annex Luxembourg in August 1942 were thwarted by the Luxembourg General Strike, to which the Germans responded with massive reprisals. About 30 thousand residents (more than 10% of the total population), including most young men, were arrested and expelled from the country. In September 1944, Allied troops liberated Luxembourg, and the government in exile returned to its homeland. The northern regions of Luxembourg were recaptured by German troops during the Ardennes Operation and were finally liberated only in January 1945.

In 1944-1948. The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg united in the Benelux customs union, and in 1958 they created an economic union. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the founders of the EEC, and in June 1990, an agreement was signed at Schengen Castle, abolishing border controls in the Benelux countries, France and Germany. In February 1992, the country joined the EU.

Culture

Neolithic ceramics, dolmens, Celtic and ancient Roman monuments (remains of baths, military camps, towers, bas-reliefs, mosaics) were discovered on the territory of Luxembourg. During the early Middle Ages, the main artistic center was the Benedictine monastery in Echternach, where beautiful miniatures were made, reflecting the 8th-10th centuries. Irish, and at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries. Ottonian traditions. Carved frames of the Gospels with ivory plates were also made.

In the 11th century Numerous castles (preserved only in ruins), Romanesque chapels (the ten-sided chapel of Vianden Castle) and basilicas (the Church of St. Willibrordus in Echternach, 1017-1031) with sculptural decoration were erected. Gothic churches of the 14th-16th centuries. (in the cities of Luxembourg, Rindschleiden, Sete-Fontaine, etc.) were distinguished by the abundance of sculpture in the interiors (tabernacles, statues of madonnas and saints, tombstones). In the second half of the 16th century. The Renaissance style spread (the town hall, now the Ducal Museum, in Luxembourg, 1563), and in the 17th century. - Baroque (Notre Dame Cathedral in Luxembourg, 1613-1621). Fortified residences of the nobility were erected (Vitrange, Anzembourg castles, etc.). In the 18th century Decorative and applied arts flourished (production of furniture, metal products, earthenware). In 19th century architecture. Eclecticism replaced classicism.

Fine art of the 19th century. developed under French influence (portraits of J. B. Frese, romantic landscapes of M. Kirsch). After the First World War, the influence of German expressionism appeared, then French Fauvism. The paintings of J. Kutter are marked by sharp grotesque features and a rich palette. In the works of contemporary artists (W. Kesseler, J. Probst, M. Hofmann, etc.) the influence of A. Matisse, P. Picasso, F. Léger and other French masters is noticeable. The compositions of the sculptor L. Vercollier, with the tendencies of abstract art, retain a certain closeness to nature.

Attractions

Wiltz is the largest city in Essling, and, like the capital, consists of two parts - the Lower Town (at an altitude of 320 m) and the Upper Town, located 80 m higher on the mountainside around the ancient fortress. Wiltz is a beautiful town, its surroundings are very picturesque. Some chaotic development, coupled with ravines overgrown with bushes and numerous fences give the city a special provincial flavor.

Vianden is one of the most beautiful and picturesque cities of Luxembourg, stretching along the banks of the narrow valley of the Ur River, at the foot of the ancient fortress of the Dukes of Nassau. Vianden Castle (11th-13th centuries), the oldest buildings of which date back to the 9th century, is a pearl of medieval architecture. The Gothic Church of the Holy Trinity, part of the castle complex, is one of the most famous in the country. Vianden is famous for the fact that Victor Hugo lived there. The house where he lived was restored in 1948 and now there is a museum in it, which houses some things and books that belonged to the great French writer.

The city of Echternach, located on the banks of the Sura on the border with Germany, near “Luxembourg Switzerland”, is one of the oldest cities in the country, it is about 1000 years old. There are many ancient buildings with fancy vaults and arches. A wonderful view of the city opens from the opposite, mountainous and forested left bank of the Sur. The massive buildings of the former monastery, which now houses the classical lyceum, stand out against the backdrop of Echternach. Echternach, along with the capital, is a recognized center of tourism; it is a city of numerous processions and holidays.

The main attraction of this ancient city is the so-called. "dancing procession" On the first Tuesday after Trinity, thousands of people, holding hands, skip and move: three steps forward, two to the side. Legend has it that in time immemorial, one horse thief sentenced to death was allowed to play his favorite melody one last time: when everyone heard it, they started dancing and forgot about the execution! The folklore motif was then mixed with the religious: supposedly in the 14th century. the dancing procession turned into a prayer procession of pilgrims asking God to save people from hunger and plague.

The feudal castle, towering above the city, is the main attraction of Clairvaux, located in a picturesque lowland between wooded hills. Inside the castle there are also several museum collections, including an exhibition of Luxembourg fortresses in miniature. In 1910, the Benedictine Abbey of Clairvaux was founded. The Benedictine monastery was built in the neo-Romanesque style by the Dutch architect Klomp. An exhibition dedicated to the history of monastic life is open here.

The Moselle Valley is located 40 km north of Schengen Castle, famous for the signing of the international agreement of the same name there. Selected grape varieties are grown in this valley, from which the world-famous Riesling, Mosel, and Rivaner wines are produced. The castle of Stadtbredimus in the Mosel Valley is famous for the fact that the poet de La Fontaine lived here for some time. The best blends of Mosel wines are stored in the castle cellars, and tourists are offered tastings. Remich is a recognized winemaking center in the southern part of the Mosel Valley.

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, despite its pompous name, is one of the dwarf states of Europe, but this in no way detracts from its beauty, historical role in the development of neighboring countries and its current influence.

Country information

Luxembourg is very small, with an area of ​​only 2586 square meters. km., but this does not prevent it from placing 220 bank offices on it and being one of the.

The Grand Duchy is a member of 49 international organizations, including the UN, WTO, NATO, Benelux, etc., and has great weight in them. The country of Luxembourg lies at the crossroads of important transport directions, which makes it attractive and convenient for tourism. In addition, in Luxembourg, about 65% of treasury income is provided by banking and registration of foreign companies; Luxembourgers also enjoy raising livestock, planting vineyards and making fine wine.

Since 2002, the national currency in Luxembourg has been the euro. The capital of the duchy is the same name.

Where is Luxembourg located?

The state of Luxembourg was formed in Western Europe and has no access to the sea. It shares its northern and western border with Belgium, its southern border with France, and in the east it borders with Germany. Geographically, Luxembourg is a hilly plain, abutting the Ardennes Mountains in the north.

Weather and climate in Luxembourg

The climate in the country is temperate, changing from maritime to continental. Average winter temperatures hover around 0 degrees, usually positive. But in the north of the country, at the foot of the Ardennes Mountains, real winter often sets in with frosts down to -15 degrees. Summer is warm and comfortable, average temperatures remain at +17.

Precipitation falls mainly in winter, about 760 mm, and even in the form of snow, and in the north of the country snowfalls are becoming more common and are considered a common winter occurrence.

Population of Luxembourg

The distant ancestors of the modern inhabitants of the duchy are considered to be multiple Germanic tribes, Franks and Celts, who lived in the area both before and after the rule of the Roman Empire.

In 2013, the country's population exceeded 500 thousand inhabitants, most of whom live in the southern part of the country. It is worth noting that both men and women have an average life expectancy of about 80 years, and this figure is growing positively.

You can say that it has preserved its own language - a certain mixture of Germanic dialects and numerous borrowed words from the French language. By the way, French and German are also recognized as the official languages ​​of Luxembourg. In addition, many residents speak fluent English.

Religion

Most of the believers are Catholics, but since freedom of religion is guaranteed in the country, there are Protestant organizations and Jewish communities in the cities of the small country, mostly large ones.

Government structure of Luxembourg

The head of the Duchy of Luxembourg is the Grand Duke, the form of government is a constitutional monarchy, and the right to inherit power belongs to the Nassau family. In 2000, Grand Duke Jean abdicated the throne in favor of his son Henri. According to the Constitution, the head of state appoints the government and the prime minister. The Chamber of Deputies (60 people) is elected by residents for 5 years. The monarch has his own assistants - an advisory council, whose membership is for life.

Administratively, the country has three districts: Luxembourg, Grevenmacher and , which are then divided into 12 cantons, and these, in turn, into 118 different communes.

History of Luxembourg

Luxembourg is perhaps one of the few countries that, throughout the history of Europe, passed from one conqueror to another, and ultimately gained its own path and independence.

The history of the state begins with a small fortress, which, according to assumptions, was the first to be built and fortified by the Romans. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the lands were conquered by the Franks and became part of the new empire of Charlemagne. The ruler of this territory were the descendants of Charles, one of whom was Conrad. In the 11th century, he took the title of Count of Luxembourg, thereby becoming the founder of a dynasty that ruled until the 14th century.

Upon the marriage between Conrad's relative and the German King Albert II, the territory of the future Luxembourg went to the Habsburg dynasty as a dowry. And then a series of medieval wars began, in which the duchy repeatedly passed ownership from Spain to France and back. The two powers were constantly at war with each other. And only after the French Revolution and even after Napoleon, who proudly walked across Europe, the Congress of Vienna of 1814-1815 defined the Duchy as a separate territory and profitably exchanged it from the Netherlands for the possessions of interest. From then on, the borders of Luxembourg were somewhat reduced, and in May 1867 the small country became completely independent, led by the Nassau dynasty.

Both the First and Second World Wars passed through the borders of Luxembourg in a bloody trail, and since then the ruling dynasty has actively participated in all post-war agreements and played an important role in the life of Europe.

Nature of Luxembourg

The natural landscapes of the country are mesmerizing, especially in the north, where the mountainous terrain and weather changes are more pronounced. The highest point of the duchy is located here - Mount Burgplatz with a height of 559 meters. The largest river, the Sur, comes from Belgium, crossing the entire country and merging with local rivers. On the eastern side, Luxembourg is washed by the waters of the Moselle River.

Oaks and beeches grow everywhere, but these, as throughout Europe, are already secondary forests. The mountain slopes are covered with coniferous trees, spruce and larches are often found, and in some places there are even wetlands of forest. More delicate plants are planted and cultivated in parks: apricot, dogwood, boxwood, barberry and even walnut.

The fauna has become greatly impoverished over the past 500 years, but there are many hares and squirrels here, and in the forests you can find chamois, wild boar or roe deer. Among the birds you can see jay or pheasant, wood grouse and hazel grouse. Trout is also found in local rivers, which, however, does not prevent it from being bred artificially.

Sights of Luxembourg

The first and oldest is the ancient Roman fortress, where it all began, but only the watchtower has survived to this day. The second most important fortress was built in the 10th century by Marshal Vauban. And although it was partially destroyed in 1868, many buildings have been preserved for posterity: these are towers on the cliff itself, they are called casemates, fragments of walls, gates, tunnels and much more. A park was once laid out on a cliff next to the castle; today it is a must-see for tourists and an excellent viewing platform for admiring the surrounding area.

A country with a rich history boasts countless interesting and mysterious sights, including some of the most beautiful ones. This list also includes castles from the 17th century with the tomb of the Grand Dukes, secret passages and labyrinths of the National Museum, Mansfeld Garden, the Chapel of St. Krivin, the Bastion of the Holy Spirit, and the Ministry itself, and other historical and cultural monuments.

La Petrousse, and next to it the ruins of an ancient fortress, are also considered a stunning place for fans of the history of the Second World War. In the city of Wormeldange you can see the chapel of Saint-Donatienne, and in Henin - the Museum of Luxembourg Wine.

Those who love a secluded holiday will love the Essling area with its vast pastures and forests. And the most beautiful city in Luxembourg is the city of Echternach. In addition to architecture, you can admire the Basilica of St. Willibror, fragments of the fortress wall, the market square and visit the Wolf's Mouth Canyon. Its surroundings are called “Luxembourg Switzerland”. And near the border with France there is the mineral water resort of Mondorf.

The cities themselves and their buildings, streets and parks, squares with Gothic architecture and tiles are also a kind of beauty and monuments; there are always many tourists walking on the streets of any city.

Where to stay?

In a tourist country, problems with finding housing are extremely rare, except during national and international periods. But in any case, in Europe it is customary to book a hotel in advance, and if you are going to Luxembourg directly, this is already a prerequisite for obtaining a visa.

Despite the dwarf size of the country, in almost every city you can find hotels with excellent comfort and high service - this is a common feature of all, regardless of the star rating or distance from the center. Most of it is located in the capital of the Grand Duchy of the same name. Fans of comfortable rooms and a buffet will like Hotel Le Royal 5* and Parc Hotel Alvisse 4* in Luxembourg. There are even simpler accommodation options: the difference in room rates at local hotels lies in the range of services they offer. It is worth noting the cozy hotels (Hotel Auberge Aal Veinen 3*, Hotel Oranienburg 3*), (Hotel Anciennes Tanneries 3*) and Echternach (Hotel Du Commerce 3* and Hotel Au Vieux Moulin 4*).

In Luxembourg there are also very simple hotels for tourists who decide to spend one night in a specific place and continue their journey in the morning.

Restaurants and cuisine of the Duchy of Luxembourg

Although it carries a plexus of the culinary tastes of its neighbors, it also has its own aromatic traits, carried through centuries of history.

The menu of restaurants in the Grand Duchy is replete with fish and pork dishes. Perch and trout, pike and crayfish are very popular - you can try all this in one of the specialized fish restaurants, for example, Brasserie Guillaume. Among the meat dishes, jellied suckling pigs and Ardennes ham, blood sausage and smoked pork spine are famous throughout Europe. For example, the menu of the Mousel Cantine restaurant is simply replete with local Luxembourg delicacies.

Shopping in Luxembourg

In a special country there are special shops and, as a result, interesting for everyone. There are no crazy sales of expensive designer collections or knock-down prices on foreign new items. Life flows smoothly and tastefully; boutiques and branded stores are located en masse, which is very convenient.

Of the expensive purchases, men's clothing and accessories are popular, as well as various jewelry, crystal, leather goods, watches and electronics - all of this often has tourist discounts of 15-20%.

Most travelers want to bring back mementos, souvenirs and treats - such goods are sold in abundance throughout the country of Luxembourg. The first in the ranking of delicious purchases are chocolate, beer and wine, followed by tobacco products, Ardennes ham and cheeses. Tourists like to buy figurines, whistles and kites among inedible souvenirs for long-lasting memory. Various symbols and paintings, studies and sketches by local artists are very popular.

Almost all stores are open on weekdays from 9.00-20.00, on Saturday – until six in the evening.

Transport Luxembourg

It is not for nothing that they say that the wealth of a country is reflected in its roads. And the country of Luxembourg is no exception: the small duchy is very developed.

Firstly, Luxembourgers have their own airport near the capital. Secondly, the country is crossed by two main railway lines, France-Belgium and Germany-Belgium, which form a large railway junction in the Grand Duchy. In addition, 270 km of their own directions run from the main branches throughout the dwarf country. Thirdly, all communes are connected by more than 5,000 thousand km of good, safe roads. Using regular buses, you can easily get to even the most remote town or village.

How to get to Luxembourg?

There are no direct flights from cities in the CIS countries to Luxembourg, but there are many connecting options with transfers in Vienna, Istanbul, Munich and other major European cities. Many European and international airlines fly to Luxembourg; choosing the most convenient option will not be difficult. As a rule, the total flight time does not exceed 4 hours.

Most tourists come to this country from neighboring countries by car, bus or train for a few days to see the rich region and its attractions. There are plenty of underground parking lots built in Luxembourg, so visiting car owners often leave their cars there and transfer to a city bus, from where it can be much easier and more interesting to see the horizons.

When crossing the Luxembourg border, keep in mind that:

• there are no restrictions on the import and export of any currency;
• personal belongings and items in reasonable quantities (1-2 units per person) are not subject to duty when declaring: photo and video equipment, sports equipment, receivers, binoculars, etc.;
• It is prohibited to import antiques, weapons, and family heirlooms.

Do I need a visa to enter Luxembourg?

The Grand Duchy is part of the Schengen zone, i.e. To enter you will need a visa, a passport, life and health insurance and confirmation of your residence reservation.

As a rule, it takes about 10-14 days; for this, in addition to the mandatory entry documents specified above, you must provide application forms with photos in three languages: English, German and French. Depending on the length of stay, the consular fee varies in the range of $23-38. There are no discounts for children, but if the child is included in the parent’s passport, but due to age does not yet have an independent identity card, then the fee is not paid for him.

Note to tourists

Luxembourgers certainly do not give the impression of being sociable and cheerful people, but this is a tribute to family and upbringing. They are always polite to strangers and will come to your aid in a difficult situation.

In Luxembourg, all the “nightlife” is created for tourists; the local population rarely participates in such events. Tips are usually 10% everywhere, and taxi services are always rounded up.