Temple of the Military Medical Center of the Barbarians on Varvarka. Temples of Charge. Fragment of the fortress wall of Kitai-Gorod

The modern building of the temple was built in 1796-1801 according to the architect's design Rodion Kazakova and has survived to this day with minor modifications.

The single-domed temple is made in the style of classicism. In plan, it has the shape of a cross, the northern and southern sides of which are decorated with solemn four-column porticoes, and a three-tier bell tower adjoins it on the west. The building is crowned with a powerful dome with a small gilded dome; its facades are decorated with decorative elements characteristic of classicism, as well as facade paintings (on the walls and the dome drum) and icons. The massive and high white stone plinth on which the temple building is placed attracts attention: due to the difference in heights it is not visible from Varvarka, but from the side it already occupies an entire floor.

History of the temple

The Church of St. Barbara supposedly existed as early as the 14th century, but was located slightly south of the modern building. It is curious that Varvarka Street got its name from the church. The location for the church was not chosen by chance: Saint Barbara was revered as the patroness of trade, and Kitay-Gorod in those years was the center of business activity in Moscow.

The first stone building of the temple was built in 1514 according to the design of the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy), funds for its construction were allocated by merchants Vasily Bobr, Fyodor Vepr and Yushka Urvikhvost who lived in Zaryadye. The appearance of the new temple was quite solemn: in plan it had the shape of an octagon, topped with one large dome. In 1730, the building was damaged by fire, but was restored.

However, over time, the temple fell into disrepair, and at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, with the money of the Moscow merchant of the first guild Nikolai Samgin and artillery major Ivan Baryshnikov, a new stone building of the temple was built in the classicist style, designed by the architect Rodion Kazakov. Unfortunately, the Varvara Church was badly damaged during the Patriotic War: in 1812 the French used it as a stable, and then there was a fire, but in the 1820s the building was completely restored.

The Soviet period radically changed the life of the temple: it was closed in the 1930s. The building survived, but the dome and upper tier of the bell tower were demolished. The internal premises were converted: they housed a warehouse, as well as offices of the Council of the Moscow branch of the All-Union Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments. Fortunately, during the improvement of the area around the new Rossiya Hotel, which was built on the territory of Zaryadye in the 1960s, they decided to restore the church, and in 1965-1967 the building was restored under the leadership of the architect Georgy Makarov. The builders restored the bell tower and the head of the temple, and it regained its former appearance.

In 1991, the temple was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church, and services were resumed there.

In 2006, the Rossiya Hotel was closed, and until 2010 the massive building was gradually dismantled. Later, it was decided to build a park on the site of the demolished hotel, and in September 2017, Zaryadye Park opened here. The buildings surrounding it merged into the ensemble of the park, and the Varvara Church was no exception: a cozy walking alley and new landscaping appeared under its walls.

How to get there

The Church of Varvara the Great Martyr on Varvarka is located at Varvarka Street, building 2 (at the beginning of the street, near Vasilyevsky Spusk Square and Red Square).

You can get to it on foot from the metro stations "Kitay-Gorod" on the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya and Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya lines, "Ploshchad Revolyutsii" on Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya, "Teatralnaya" on Zamoskvoretskaya and "Okhotny Ryad" on Sokolnicheskaya.

The Church of the Holy Great Martyr Barbara is located in the very center of Moscow in Kitai-Gorod on Varvarka Street. The street's former name was returned to it several years ago.

Since ancient times, China Town has been the center of trade, industry and legal proceedings. The kresttsy (crossing streets) Nikolsky, Ilyinsky and Varvarsky were known here.

Each of them had its own special significance in urban economic life, but with the development of the city and the change of streets, only one retained its meaning and name. This is the Varvarsky Sacrum, which, like Varvarskaya Street, was named after the ancient church in the name of the Great Martyr Varvara.

“On Varvarsky Sacrum, on Varvara Mountain, on Varskaya, then Varvarskaya Street - the Church of the Holy Great Martyr Barbara, stone...”

One of the ancient names of the street is Vsesvyatskaya - after the Church of All Saints on Kulishki, built, according to legend, by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380, in memory of the soldiers who died on the Kulikovo Field. Sometimes the street was called Varskaya, Varvarsky Bridge, Bolshaya Mostovaya Street.

In ancient times, healers and healers sold medicinal herbs and roots here, people came here to “speak” toothache... Believers went to Varvarka to venerate the image of the holy Great Martyr Barbara.

This temple was especially revered by Muscovites and visiting people, and was considered one of the best in Kitai-gorod both in its architecture and in the reverent attitude of believers towards it.

It was built under Prince Vasily Ioannovich III in 1514 by the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin at the expense of well-known wealthy visiting guests at that time: Vasily Beaver with his brothers Theodore Veprem and Yushka Urvikhvost. Here is how the chronicle reports about this: “Yes, that same summer, the Holy Great Martyr Vasily Bobr built a brick church for Barbara with his brethren, with the Boar and with Yushko. And all those churches were master Aleviz Fryazin...”

In 1731, the church was “renovated” on the orders of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Richly decorated and conveniently located, it has become one of the most revered in Moscow.

During these years, the following priests served in the temple and regularly contributed “tribute to the treasury” to the treasury: Kirill, Luka, Ivan, Tikhon and others. On holidays and on the days of the temple holiday, festive prayer services were served with the blessing of water. The water was then delivered to the patriarchal chambers.

Here is a laconic entry from the book of the State Patriarchal Order: “145 and 151 December 9, the church of St. Martyr Varvara, in China near Gostiny Dvor, to priest Tikhon for a prayer service on 3 alt. 2 days, came to St. To the Patriarch with holy water on the 4th day of December..."

A fire in 1737 caused significant damage to the church.

Priest Stepan Kuzmin and the parishioners of the temple in a petition submitted to the Synodal Treasury Order wrote: “On May 29 of this day, 1737, the said Barbarian Church and in it the holy icons, iconostasis and all church utensils burned without a trace by the will of God, and without the decree of this church We do not dare to build, and so that by decree it is commanded to build the designated church and give a decree about its consecration and issue an antimension.”

The request was granted and two decrees served the purpose of restoring the temple:
“The priest of the Barbarian Church, Stepan Kuzmin, with the parishioners in this church, rebuild what was burned down and arrange it, remove it with sacred icons.”
“Protopope Nikifor Ivanovich of the Assumption Cathedral to consecrate this church according to the newly corrected breviary.”

At the end of the 18th century, the ancient church was dismantled, and in its place, in 1796 - 1804, a new building was erected according to the design of the architect Rodion Kozakov. The customers of the new church in the name of the Great Martyr Barbara were artillery major Ivan Baryshnikov and Moscow merchant N.A. Samghin.

The new building was decorated on the north and south sides with six-column porticoes of the order.

The interior of the temple was updated: the iconostasis was gilded, the icons were dressed in vestments.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, the richest sacristy of the church was looted, frames and vestments were removed from the icons. But the temple itself, despite the fact that it was in the very center of military events, survived; The iconostasis was preserved; some icons continued to serve in the church even after the consecration.

During this period, Archpriest and Dean Ivan Kandorsky served in the church; Alexander Rozanov, as well as sexton Ivan Fedorov, were appointed “to the deacon’s vacancy.”

The bell tower was dismantled back in 1757, at the request of the architect Yakovlev, because... gave a significant list and was close to falling. In the 19th century, the bell tower was built again.

The church is active.

The Church of St. Barbara is located in the very center of Moscow, a stone's throw from Red Square, next to the Kitay-Gorod Metro station. The street on which the church is located was named after the erected temple - Varvarka.

The location for construction was not chosen by chance. The Great Martyr Varvara was considered the patroness of the trading people, and Kitay-Gorod has long been considered an important “business center” of Moscow. Craftsmen, artisans and merchants settled here, and shopping arcades were located. Almost from the moment of construction until our times, the Church of St. Barbara was considered one of the most revered in Moscow.

Church history

The Church of St. Barbara was built in 1514, during the reign of Prince Vasily Ioannovich. The funds were allocated by the merchants Vasily Bobr, Fyodor Vepr and Yushka Urvikhvost, and the author of the architectural project was the famous Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin. It was this master who built the Kremlin Archangel Cathedral.

During the time of Ivan the Terrible, the Church of the Great Martyr Barbara became an important place of pilgrimage for Muscovites and people coming from other cities. The miraculous icon of St. Barbara was kept in the Temple.

In 1730, a fire severely damaged the temple; on the orders of Empress Anna Ioannovna, the Church of the Great Martyr Barbara was completely restored. But by the end of the eighteenth century, the authorities considered that the old church did not correspond to the splendor of Kitay-Gorod. By this time, the English Courtyard and Gostiny Dvor had been rebuilt, and well-appointed covered shopping arcades appeared.

Metropolitan Platon declared the church not beautiful enough; his initiative to build a new Temple was supported by the famous Moscow merchants Baryshnikov and Samghin. They were the ones who allocated funds for this. The wives of the entrepreneurs were miraculously healed thanks to the miraculous image and, in the end, a decision was made to demolish the building and erect a more modern temple on Varvarka.

So a new elegant building in the style of classicism appeared in Moscow. The author of the project was Rodion Kazakov. The building, indeed, turned out to be so beautiful that many Russian architects, when constructing churches, took the Church of St. Barbara as a standard.

In the 1920s, almost all the buildings in Kitay-Gorod were demolished and the streets were renamed. So, Varvarka began to be called Stepan Razin Street. Once upon a time, the rebel leader was taken along this street to execution on Red Square.

The church survived, but the crosses were removed from the Temple, the bell tower was destroyed, and the premises were first set up as a warehouse, and later given over to the needs of the Society for the Preservation of Monuments.

The church was returned to believers in 1991.

Now the Temple has been restored and services are held there. The church is part of the complex of the Moscow Patriarch's Compound in Zaryadye.

Not long ago, archaeologists discovered in the basement elements of white stone vaults erected by Fryazin. This evidence of the history of Moscow will soon be seen by everyone.

Patron Saint of the Temple

The temple was consecrated in honor of the Holy Great Martyr Barbara. This woman lived at the turn of the third and fourth centuries and was the daughter of the noble Phoenician Dioscorus. These were times of persecution of the Disciples of Christ, but Varvara sincerely believed and accepted Baptism. Her father found out about this and took her into custody, trying to get her daughter to renounce the Faith. But Varvara was adamant. Toga Dioscorus gave his daughter to the city authorities. By order of the ruler Martian, Varvara was brutally tortured. However, the Savior Himself appeared to the girl, he healed her wounds and told her not to be afraid of anything.

The Church of the Holy Great Martyr Barbara is located in the very center of Moscow in Kitai-Gorod on Varvarka Street. The street's former name was returned to it several years ago. Since ancient times, Kitai-Gorod has been the center of trade, industry and legal proceedings. The kresttsy (crossing streets) Nikolsky, Ilyinsky and Varvarsky were known here. Each of them had its own special significance in urban economic life, but with the development of the city and the change of streets, only one retained its meaning and name. This is the Varvarsky Sacrum, which, like Varvarskaya Street, was named after the ancient church in the name of the Great Martyr Varvara. “On Varvarsky Sacrum, on Varvara Mountain, on Varskaya, then Varvarskaya Street - the Church of the Holy Great Martyr Varvara, stone...” One of the ancient names of the street is Vsesvyatskaya - named after the Church of All Saints on Kulishki, built according to legend by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380, in memory of the soldiers who died on the Kulikovo field. Sometimes the street was called Varskaya, Varvarsky Bridge, Bolshaya Mostovaya Street. In ancient times, healers and healers sold medicinal herbs and roots here, people came here to “speak” toothache... Believers went to Varvarka to venerate the image of the holy Great Martyr Barbara. The only daughter of a rich and noble resident of the Phoenician city of Iliopolis, Dioscorus, Barbara was known for her beauty and pious life. Refusing lucrative marriage offers, rejecting worldly vanity, she heeded the voice of her soul and accepted holy Baptism. Dioscorus, “Hellene by birth and evil faith,” was angry at his daughter’s act, but also struck by her firm faith in Christ. The most cruel tortures did not shake the Christian’s steadfastness. Barely alive, she was thrown into prison. At night, during prayer, a great light illuminated her, Christ himself appeared to her, healed her from terrible wounds and said: “Be bold, My bride, and do not be afraid, for I am with you.” In the morning, Varvara was again subjected to torture and humiliation, and then she was condemned to death. Barbara was executed with a sword by her own father... In the 6th century, the relics of St. The barbarians were transported to Constantinople. In the 12th century, the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Alexei Komnenos, Princess Varvara, married the Russian prince Mikhail Izyaslavich, and transported them to Kyiv. They still rest in the Kiev Vladimir Cathedral. Particles of the relics of the Great Martyr Barbara (three parts from fingers) were kept in Moscow, in the church on Varvarka, and the miraculous image of the Great Martyr Barbara became famous for its miraculous power and miracles in 1555. This temple was especially revered by Muscovites and visiting people, and was considered one of the best in Kitai-gorod both in its architecture and in the reverent attitude of believers towards it. It was built under Prince Vasily Ioannovich III in 1514 by the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin at the expense of well-known wealthy visiting guests at that time: Vasily Beaver with his brothers Theodore Veprem and Yushka Urvikhvost. Here is how the chronicle reports about this: “Yes, that same summer, the Holy Great Martyr Vasily Bobr built a brick church for Barbara with his brethren, with the Boar and with Yushko. And all those churches were mastered by Aleviz Fryazin...” In 1731, the church was “renovated” at the direction of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Richly decorated and conveniently located, it has become one of the most revered in Moscow. During these years, the following priests served in the temple and regularly contributed “tribute to the treasury” to the treasury: Kirill, Luka, Ivan, Tikhon and others. On holidays and on the days of the temple holiday, festive prayer services were served with the blessing of water. The water was then delivered to the patriarchal chambers. Here is a laconic entry from the book of the State Patriarchal Order: “145 and 151 December 9, the church of St. Martyr Varvara, in China near Gostiny Dvor, to priest Tikhon for a prayer service on 3 alt. 2 days, came to St. To the Patriarch with holy water on the 4th day of December...” The fire of 1737 caused significant damage to the church. Priest Stepan Kuzmin and the parishioners of the temple in a petition submitted to the Synodal Treasury Order wrote: “On May 29 of this day, 1737, the said Barbarian Church and in it the holy icons, iconostasis and all church utensils burned without a trace by the will of God, and without the decree of this church We do not dare to build, and so that by decree it is commanded to build the designated church and give a decree about its consecration and issue an antimension.” The request was granted and two decrees served the purpose of restoring the temple: “Priest of the Barbarian Church Stepan Kuzmin with the parishioners in this church to rebuild what was burned and arrange it, remove it with sacred icons.” “Protopope Nikifor Ivanovich of the Assumption Cathedral to consecrate this church according to the newly corrected breviary.” At the end of the 18th century, the ancient church was dismantled, and in its place, in 1796 - 1804, a new building was erected according to the design of the architect Rodion Kozakov. The customers of the new church in the name of the Great Martyr Barbara were artillery major Ivan Baryshnikov and Moscow merchant N.A. Samghin. The new building was decorated on the north and south sides with six-column porticoes of the order. The interior of the temple was updated: the iconostasis was gilded, the icons were dressed in vestments. During the Patriotic War of 1812, the richest sacristy of the church was looted, frames and vestments were removed from the icons. But the temple itself, despite the fact that it was in the very center of military events, survived; The iconostasis was preserved; some icons continued to serve in the church even after the consecration. During this period, Archpriest and Dean Ivan Kandorsky served in the church; Alexander Rozanov, as well as sexton Ivan Fedorov, were appointed “to the deacon’s vacancy.” The bell tower was dismantled back in 1757, at the request of the architect Yakovlev, because... gave a significant list and was close to falling. In the 19th century, the bell tower was built again. Currently, services are held in the Church of the Great Martyr Barbara, the schedule of which can be seen.

Marked on the map:

VMC Temple Barbarians
Cathedral of the Icon of the Mother of God "The Sign" of the B. Znamensky Monastery
Church of the Great Martyr St. George the Victorious (Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary) on Pskov Hill
Temple of St. St. Maxim the Blessed on Varvarka
Temple of the Conception of Righteous Anna, "what's in the corner"

Initially it started from the Spassky Gate of the Kremlin and walked along the ridge of the hill above the Moscow River. According to some reports, the ancient road to Vladimir passed along its route. It was first mentioned under the name of All Saints (after the Church of All Saints on Kulishki) at the end of the 14th century, when Prince Dmitry Donskoy entered Moscow along it, returning from the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). Since 1434 it was called Varvarskaya or Varskaya.

The stone church of St. Barbara the Great Martyr was built in 1514 by the architect Aleviz Novy. The building in the style of Russian classicism, which has survived to this day, was built in 1796-1801 according to the design of the architect M.F. Kazakova in the same place. Judging by the fact that in one of the records in the chronicle of the mid-15th century the street is mentioned as Varskaya, a wooden church stood here even before the Aleviz building.

The street developed as a road along the edge of the hill above the Moscow River, passing from the Kremlin to the Vladimir, Ryazan, Kolomenskaya roads. Boyars lived in the settlement on Varvarskaya Street, as evidenced by the museum - “Chambers of the Romanov Boyars”. At the same time, it was a shopping area where the poor settled, where people from all over Moscow gathered to buy or sell something in the numerous rows and shops.

In the 17th century, the street was at one time called either Znamenskaya (after the Znamensky Monastery), or Bolshaya Pokrovka (after the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God on Pskov Mountain), but the names did not stick.

At the end of the 18th century. Varvarka was cleared of dilapidated buildings. After the fire of 1812, most of the houses and shops on Varvarka were rebuilt in stone.

After 1917, Varvarka was occupied by institutions and warehouses.

In 1933, the street was renamed Razin Street in honor of the leader of the peasant uprising of 1670-1671. S.T. Razin, in 1993 the street's historical name was returned.

After the demolition of the Kitai-Gorod wall in 1934, an exit to Nogin Square (Varvarskie Vorota Square) was opened.

In the 1960s Along with all the residential buildings in Zaryadye, the buildings on the southern side of Varvarka were destroyed, except for ancient architectural monuments and the current house No. 14.

Space

Varvarka moves in a smooth wave from the Varvarsky Gate to Red Square. The side facing Zaryadye amazes with its antiquity and vastness of sky in contrast to the opposite side, filled with monumental buildings. This can already be seen in photo A1.

Building

photo B1

Photo B1 - Church of St. Maximus the Blessed (Maximus the Confessor). It is believed that initially, slightly to the south of the existing church, from the second half of the 14th century there stood a house church of merchants from the city of Surozh (Sudak) with the main altar of Boris and Gleb. In 1434, the holy fool Maxim the Blessed, revered in Moscow, was buried with her. At the beginning of the 16th century. A stone church was built at the expense of the merchant - Surozhan Vasily Bobr. In 1568 the church had the name St. Maximus the Confessor, patron saint of the holy fool. In 1676, the church burned and was renovated by Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, the mother of the future Emperor Peter I.

In 1698, two wealthy merchants, Moscow Maxim Verkhovitinov and Kostroma Maxim Sharovnikov, built the current church building, which is already mentioned under the name of the Church of St. Maxim the Blessed. During the fire of 1737, the church almost completely burned down and was repaired by 1742. In 1829, a modern bell tower was built.

The temple is a structure typical of the 17th century: a pillarless rectangle with a light dome, a refectory and a narrow aisle on the right. The lower floor - the basement - served to store the property of the townspeople. The main volume - a double-height quadrangle - is covered with a closed vault cut through by a light drum. Brick walls and details. A large space inside is covered without additional supports.

The temple was closed in the early 1930s, after which its domes were broken. In 1969, the church was restored (architect S.S. Podyapolsky). Since 1992, the exhibition hall of the Nature Conservation Society has been located in the temple building.

Divine services resumed after 1994. The temple is part of the Patriarchal Metochion in Kitai-Gorod.

photo B2

Photo B2 - Church of Barbara the Great Martyr. Church of Barbara the Great Martyr on Varvarka, which gave the name to one of the oldest streets in Moscow, was built on this site in 1514 by the architect Aleviz Novy by order of wealthy “Surozhans” - merchants who came from Sudak (then called Surozh). In the chronicle, the construction site is designated “behind the market, opposite the Master’s court.” This church soon after its construction gained great popularity in Moscow. According to it in the 16th century. Not only the street was named, but also the corner tower of Kitay-Gorod was named Varvarinskaya. Varvarka until the 16th century It was called All Saints Street, after the Church of All Saints on Kulishki.

The appearance of the white stone Alevizov temple can only be imagined based on ancient master plans. Barbara's Church was square in plan, with semicircles protruding from four sides, perhaps similar to the Church of Metropolitan Peter in the Vysokopetrovsky Monastery.

In 1795, Moscow Metropolitan Platon ordered the dismantling of the ancient church building, which by that time was still “all solid, full of utensils,” for reasons of its inconsistency with the general appearance of the place. The new temple was built from 1796 to 1804. according to the design of Rodion Kazakov on the old Alevizovsky foundation. Its main volume is cruciform in plan, with porticoes whose pediments rest on Corinthian columns. The inside of the church is very bright - due to two tiers of windows and an under-dome drum with light windows. This is an excellent representative of mature Moscow classicism - restrained external decor with clear lines throughout the main volume, a wide round dome with a small dome. The bell tower of the temple is not very high, ending in a small hemisphere with a cross; the upper tier of the bell has wide arched openings framed by pilasters with Corinthian capitals and pediments. The second tier was broken after 1917 and restored in 1967 during restoration (under the direction of architect G.A. Makarov). Inside the church, 19th-century paintings and a choir-box in the western part have been preserved.

As was the case with many churches, there was a warehouse in the Varvara Church during Soviet times; later it was transferred to office buildings; by 1980, it housed the Council of the Moscow regional branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK). Since 1991, it has again been handed over to believers.

photo B3

Photo B3 - Old English courtyard. The building of the Old English Court is one of the oldest civil buildings in Moscow. White stone chambers appeared here in the 15th - early 16th centuries. and at that time belonged to the merchant I. Bobrishchev. Having established trade relations with England in 1552, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible granted chambers to English merchants. And a hundred years later, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, outraged by the execution of the English king Charles I during the English Revolution, the merchants left Russia. At the beginning of the 18th century. Peter I opened a digital (mathematics) school here.

Then the building was rebuilt several times, completely losing its original appearance, but in the 20th century. it was restored by architect P.D. Baranovsky. Nowadays there is a branch of the Historical Museum.

photo B4

Photo B4 - Cathedral of the Icon of the Mother of God “Znamenie”. The first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, founded the Znamensky Monastery in 1629-30. on the site of his former family estate.

The Cathedral of the Icon of the Mother of God “The Sign” was the center of the monastery ensemble. The altars of the upper church are the icons of the Mother of God “The Sign”, the chapel is St. Mikhail Malein; lower temple - St. Sergius of Radonezh, chapel of St. Nicholas.

Construction began in 1679. The cathedral was built by order of I.M. Miloslavsky serf from Kostroma district Fyodor Grigoriev and “boyar Prince Golitsyn peasant” Grigory Anisimov “and comrades”. In 1683, Miloslavsky died without finishing the construction of the cathedral. It was completed in 1684. By decree of the tsar, the construction was “swept away” by boyar Vasily Fedorovich Odoevsky.

The five-domed cube-shaped cathedral with a high hipped bell tower, galleries and stairs was placed on the mountainside on a foundation made of oak piles. The lower tier of the cathedral housed the warm winter Church of Athanasius of Athos and an extensive refectory. Adjacent to the north was a “cookhouse with a bakery”, and to the north-west there was a premises for rent. On the second floor there is a cold summer church of the Virgin of the Sign with galleries-porches on the western and northern sides and a sacristy.

The bell tower was from the southwest, the stone staircase was from the northwest. The bell tower and staircase were dismantled at the end of the 18th century. Numerous fires and restorations after them led to great changes in the appearance of the cathedral. Beautiful paintings in the interior were carried out in 1740 and in 1782-83. In 1929, the monastery was closed and converted into housing.

During the restoration in 1967, the image of the cathedral that had developed by 1684 was taken as a basis. A lecture hall was opened in the building. The lower temple was consecrated in October 1992. The temple is part of the Patriarchal Metochion in Kitai-Gorod.

photo B5

Photo B5 - Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on Pskov Mountain. Another name is the Church of St. George the Victorious, on Pskov Mountain. The temple was built in 1657-58. on Pskov Mountain (a settlement of Pskovites resettled by Grand Duke Vasily III at the beginning of the 16th century. It included part of its predecessor - the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary (the first written mention - 1462). It was severely damaged during the invasion of Napoleonic troops in 1812.

Renewed in 1818, a twice-large refectory was added to it from the west, and a porch-promenade and a two-tier bell tower (all in the pseudo-Gothic style, the upper tier of the bell tower is in the Empire style) was added to it from the north. Type of Posad church of the 17th century. Quadrangular in plan. Five-headed. On a high basement, preserved from the old temple, with separate, covered with vaults, rooms (the property of the townspeople was stored in them during fires and disasters). The facades are crowned with a multi-row cornice made of profile bricks with kokoshniks, blind drums with onion-shaped heads. The windows of the altar projections are decorated with platbands. The hall is double-height with a closed vault. Painting on walls and vaults - XVII-XVIII centuries.

The main altar is the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, the aisles: St. George the Victorious, Great Martyr (1818), the southern altar - Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow (1837). After 1917 it was closed. It was in desolation. It was used as a warehouse, and in 1979 it was transferred to the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments. In 1965-72. external restoration was carried out. In 1991 it was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. Divine services have been held since 1995.

Forms

photo B1

Photo B1 - perspective of the cell building with the bell tower of the Znamensky Monastery, closing on the ruins of Zaryadye. The bell tower was erected in 1784-89. on the basis of the Church of Jacob that was here in 1756. The lower part of the bell tower with two large arched openings served as the main entrance to the territory of the monastery. The cell building adjacent to it was also built at the end of the 18th century. Although the bell tower is not visible here, would I really lie to you?

photo B2

Photo B2 - porch of the Old English Court. We see the arch, the gate, as well as the steps of the porch itself, which, according to the principle of Russian towers, has three turning points that had social and ceremonial significance. If the guest was welcome, the owner went downstairs to him. If the guest was so-so, he met from the middle of the porch, but if the guest was uninvited, then the owner went out only to the upper platform.

photo B3

Photo B3 - light and sound column. Like a flower, it emits in waves the fragrance of the light of lamps and the sound of loudspeakers.

Time

photo G1

Photo G1 - a colorful, confectionery picture of the platbands of the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary on Pskov Mountain.

photo G2

Photo G2 - the antiquity of the chambers of the Romanov boyars. The chambers are the only building remaining from the large estate of the Romanov boyars. From the middle of the 16th century. it belonged to the boyar Nikita Romanovich Yuryev, then to his eldest son Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, who later became the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. According to legend, in this estate on July 12, 1596, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was born, who became the Founder of the new royal dynasty. In 1633, Mikhail Fedorovich donated this estate to the Znamensky Monastery, which repeatedly rebuilt the buildings of the ancient Romanov estate, but despite this, the Romanov house has not lost its significance to this day as a monument of Russian civil architecture of the 15th-17th centuries.

In the middle of the nineteenth century. By the highest order of Emperor Alexander, one of the first museums in Moscow, the “House of the Romanov Boyars,” was opened in the chambers. Currently, the interior decoration of the Chambers introduces the patriarchal boyar life of the late 17th century. By tradition, the Chambers are divided into male and female halves. On the ground floor - the men's half - the following interiors are presented: “Dining Chamber”, “Boyar’s Office”, “Library”, “Elder Sons’ Room”. On the second floor - the women's half - "Seni", "Boyaryna's Room", "Svetlitsa". The basements contain storage rooms. The interiors of the ancient Chambers convey the originality of Russian life and culture of the 17th century. The exhibition displays genuine masterpieces of applied art from the collections of the State Historical Museum.

photo G3

Photo G3 is a post-apocalyptic landscape containing the Church of the Conception of Righteous Anna, which is in the corner of the Kitai-Gorod wall. In ancient times, the wall of Kitay-gorod faced the Moskvoretskaya embankment and made a turn here to the Beklemishevskaya tower of the Moscow Kremlin. In this corner, one of the oldest Moscow posad churches “made of stone” has been preserved - the Church of the Conception of Anna. Corner or Sharp End is the name of the place where the church was built. The temple was first mentioned in the description of the Moscow fire of 1493, but it is not said whether it was then made of stone or wood.

The building belongs to the group of churches with a cross vault and one dome. Such a vault makes it possible to solve the internal space without supporting pillars, thereby increasing its internal volume. There was no room for large buildings among the narrow town streets. The parishioners did not have the funds to build them. This form solved two problems: the building took up little space on the street and could accommodate enough parishioners inside by eliminating the pillars. The temple was made of white stone.

In 1480, in memory of the liberation from the Tatar yoke (the Tatars retreated from the Ugra on the day of commemoration of St. Mina), a chapel of St. was added to the south. Mines. After 1547 the vault was made of brick. The facades were completed in the form of a three-lobed arch. Around 1617, the chapel was built in stone. It is associated with the name of Prince Pozharsky and with deliverance from the Polish-Lithuanian invasion. Chapel of St. Catherine from the north was added in 1658.

It was closed in the 1920s. During restoration in the 1960s. the building has been cleared of later additions. The layers that arose in pre-Petrine times have been preserved, since they do not contradict early architectural forms. Returned to the Church and consecrated in 1994. The temple is part of the Patriarchal Metochion in Zaryadye.

Place in action

photo D1

Photo D1 is a hint at Gostiny Dvor (see).

Decor

photo E1

photo E2

Photo E1 - a balcony with balusters of the house where the Collective Security Treaty Organization meets. Former office and trading house “Varvarinskoye Podvorye”. Built in 1890-92. architect R.I. Klein. In photo E2 there is a close-up of the balusters.

photo E3

Photo E3 - one of the vases on top of the bell tower of the Znamensky Monastery.

photo E4

People

photo Zh1

Photo G1 - a group of indirect participants in the Spasskaya Tower festival on the eve of City Day.

Metaphysics

Varvarka connects Red Square with the Varvarsky Gate. The street faces Vasilyevsky Spusk and Solyansky Proezd. Vasilyevsky Spusk descends to the river, Solyansky Proezd ascends to Ivanovskaya Hill. At the same time, Vasilyevsky Spusk turns into the Kremlin embankment, which along the edge of the Kremlin turns into the western road, and Solyansky passage turns into Merchant Solyanka, which begins the eastern, Vladimir road.

On the right hand of Varvarka are St. Basil's Cathedral and the Church of All Saints on Kulishki. Both are masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture, but the Church of All Saints was built later, and its style is simpler.

On the left hand are the Bolshoi Moskvoretsky Bridge and Old Square, their open spaces. The bridge serves as the beginning of the steppe road, and Old Square is the beginning of the northern roads, Yaroslavl and Tver.

Thus, Varvarka connects the crossroads of the western and southern roads, marked by St. Basil's Cathedral, and the crossroads of the eastern and northern roads, marked by the Church of All Saints on Kulishki and traces of the merchant presence.

Starting from Red Square, Varvarka moves from the signs of the south and west to the signs of the north and east. In fact, let us remember the Sourozh merchants, the Old English Court, the Pskov Hill... The influence of the West on Varvarka is very strong, its signs replaced the signs of the north and east, we can see their presence only by the growth of trading and business buildings closer to the end of the street.