Where is the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Interactive map of Azerbaijan. Official and unofficial neighbors

J.ALEKPEROVA

Azerbaijan and Russia will hold the next meeting on the demarcation of the state border at the end of February in Baku. But the next meeting on the delimitation of the Azerbaijani-Georgian state border is scheduled for the first quarter of 2018.

At the same time, if in the first case we somehow managed to come to an agreement, then in the second there are still many controversial issues...

“At this stage of Azerbaijani-Georgian relations, the issue of state border delimitation is not key or pressing. The fact is that there are issues between our states that can be easily resolved. The format of bilateral cooperation between Azerbaijan and Georgia is of a strategic nature. Both countries are involved in joint projects, and I am sure that Georgia sees and understands this well.” Professor of Western University, political scientist Fikret Sadikhov told Echo.az about this.

But at the same time, according to him, this problem cannot be left unresolved for many years.

“The Georgian side in this situation, if it, of course, wants to continue close relations with Azerbaijan, which to some extent ensures the energy security of the Georgian people, should take a slightly broader look at the problem of state border delimitation,” Sadikhov said.

“I believe that one should not focus on a certain area on the issue of delimitation, but simply compromise with Azerbaijan. Georgia can make certain concessions, because close, fruitful cooperation has already been established between our countries; we cannot allow issues that could lead to conflict to remain between us,” he believes.

“It is better to jointly fight the common threats that the region faces and overcome common risks. That is why we need to come to mutual understanding, overcome difficulties and solve problems,” the political scientist said.

Note that the Russian-Azerbaijani border is a modern land interstate border between Russia (Dagestan) and Azerbaijan. Its length is 327.6 kilometers on the mainland and 22.4 kilometers of the sea border. The border was established by an agreement signed in Baku on October 3, 2010. It entered into force on the day of exchange of instruments of ratification - July 18, 2011.

The border is divided into three sections - mountainous, foothill (runs along the Samur River) and lowland (delta of the Samur River in the Caspian Lowland). Since the early 1990s, the problem of delimiting the border between Russia and Azerbaijan arose, and the issue of equal division of the water resources of the Samur River began to be discussed.

Road, rail and pedestrian communications between Russia and Azerbaijan are carried out through several checkpoints. On September 3, 2010, the “Treaty on the State Border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan” was signed, which completed the delimitation of the state borders of the two countries.

According to this agreement, a joint demarcation commission was created to demarcate the Azerbaijan-Russia state border. Currently, it is conducting the process of demarcating the state border.

Georgia and Azerbaijan have a common state border with a total length of 446 km (according to Georgia) or 480 km (according to Azerbaijan). Of these, today about 180 km remain uncoordinated. Delimitation and demarcation of the state border began in 1996 by a bilateral Georgian-Azerbaijani intergovernmental commission.

Currently, 66% of the common border is delimited and demarcated. During the work of the commission, starting in 2007, insurmountable obstacles arose - in connection with the David Gareji monastery complex, which is located 60 km southeast of Tbilisi. Azerbaijan considers the monastery to be a monument of Albanian culture and calls it Kesishchi-Dag.

On May 6, 2012, Azerbaijani border guards occupied part of the David Gareji monastery complex, which, according to Georgian Foreign Minister Nino Kalandadze, does not belong to the disputed territory, and during the Soviet era was part of the Azerbaijani SSR.

Also, since May 6, 2012, Azerbaijani border guards have stopped allowing Georgian pilgrims, clergy and politicians to enter the complex. The Georgian leadership claims that Azerbaijan owns only 2% of the territory of the David Gareji-Udabno monastery complex.

The village of Erisimedi also remains a disputed area. At the end of the 1970s, the Alazani River in the Sighnag region, which separated the Georgian and Azerbaijani SSRs, changed its course, and some part of the Georgian territory remained on the other side of the river. Georgia built a village there in the late 1980s and resettled settlers from Adjara and Kists from the Akhmeta region (residents of the Pankisi Gorge).

However, the Azerbaijani side insists that part of the territory of the David Gareji complex and the village of Erisimedi belong to Azerbaijan.

A number of Georgian historians claim the historical region of Hereti, part of which is located on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. The Georgian side considers Zagatala, Gakh, Balakan to be its historical province of Saingilo, and considers the local population as Georgians who fell under forced Islamization.

A report by the Caucasus Environmental NGO Network (CENN) notes that 69 places where changes have occurred have been identified along the Alazani border line between Georgia and Azerbaijan. Of these, in 42 cases the border was moved deep into Georgia, and in 27 cases - deep into Azerbaijan.

An additional irritant in Georgian-Azerbaijani relations is the region of Kvemo Kartli or Borchali - inhabited by a large community of Azerbaijanis. The renaming of Azerbaijani settlements in the Georgian manner, the transfer of school education into the Georgian language, land and personnel problems, etc., irritate the local Azerbaijani population.

Georgian governments in the post-Soviet period resettled Georgians (mainly Svans) to the Kvemo Kartli region, citing natural disasters in Svaneti, which now leads to periodic, sometimes massive, clashes between representatives of the Azerbaijani and Georgian communities. The ethnic activity (mainly protest) of Azerbaijanis in Georgia finds a wide patriotic response in Azerbaijan.

AZERBAIJAN

(The Republic of Azerbaijan)

General information

Geographical position. Azerbaijan is a state in the Transcaucasus region in western Asia. In the north it borders with Russia, in the northwest with Georgia, in the south with Iran, and in the west with Armenia. In the east it is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan belongs to the Nakhichevan region, separated from the republic by the territory of Armenia.

Square. The territory of Azerbaijan occupies 86,600 sq. km. >

Main cities, administrative divisions. The capital of Azerbaijan is Baku. Largest cities: Baku (1,853 thousand people), Ganja (278 thousand people), Sumgayit (235 thousand people). Azerbaijan is divided into 61 regions.

Political system

Azerbaijan is a republic. The head of state is the president, the head of government is the prime minister. The highest legislative body is the parliament (Majlis).

Relief. Approximately half of the territory of Azerbaijan is occupied by mountains: in the north there is the Greater Caucasus ridge, in the southwest there is the Lesser Caucasus ridge. The highest point of the country is Mount Bazarduzu on the Main, or Watershed, Ridge (height 4,466 m). In the middle part of the country there is the Kura-Araks lowland, in the southeast there is the Lenkoran lowland.

Geological structure and minerals. The country's subsoil contains reserves of oil, iron ore, and non-ferrous metals.

Climate. The climate of the country varies in different regions: from subtropical in the Len-Koran lowland to arid in the mountainous regions.

Inland waters. There are up to 1,250 small rivers in Azerbaijan. Most of the rivers belong to the basin of the Kura River, the largest river in the Caucasus. There are 250 lakes in the republic, most of which are insignificant. The largest lake is Hajikabul (area 15.5 sq. km). On the northeastern slope of the Murovdag ridge there is a group of picturesque lakes of landslide-dammed origin, among which is Lake Goygol, one of the most beautiful in the Caucasus.

Soils and vegetation. The soils are predominantly grey-earth, in the mountains brown and brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow; on the Lenkoran lowland there are yellow soils. Vegetation of dry steppes, semi-deserts, high mountain meadows; There are broad-leaved forests in the mountains.

Animal world. The forests are home to bear, deer, lynx, and wild boar. In arid zones there are a large number of lizards, poisonous snakes and other reptiles.

Population and language

The population of Azerbaijan is about 7.855 million people. Although Azerbaijan is a multiethnic country, the number of Azerbaijanis has grown sharply in recent years due to the influx of refugees from neighboring Armenia as a result of the Azerbaijani-Armenian conflict. Many representatives of other nationalities (Armenians, Russians) left Azerbaijan both because of the above-mentioned conflict and because of the turbulent situation in the country as a whole. Ethnic groups: Azerbaijanis - 90%, Dagestanis - 3.2%, Russians - 2.5%, Armenians - 2.3%, Lezgins, Kurds, Tatars, Georgians, Ukrainians and Avars. Languages: Azerbaijani (state), Russian, Turkish.

Religion

Mainly Shia Muslims - 93.4%, various forms of Orthodoxy are practiced by Georgian, Russian and Armenian minorities.

Brief historical sketch

The territory of present-day Azerbaijan in the 8th century. BC e. was settled by the Medes and later became part of the Persian Empire. At the end of the 7th century. n. e. the country was conquered by the Arabs, who brought Islam here. In the XI and XII centuries. the territory was controlled by Turkic tribes; in the 17th century. Azerbaijan again became part of Persia. According to the treaties of 1813 and 1828, it went to Russia.

In 1918, Azerbaijan became an independent state. In 1920, the country was proclaimed a Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1922, together with Georgia and Armenia, became part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (TSFSR). In 1936, after the collapse of the TSFSR, Azerbaijan became part of the USSR as a union republic. On August 30, 1991, Azerbaijan declared independence.

Brief Economic Sketch

Leading industries: oil and gas production, oil refining, chemical and petrochemical (mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber, tires), mechanical engineering (including chemical and petroleum, electrical and radio-electronic industries, instrument and machine tool building, ship repair), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mining of iron ore and alunite. Light (including cotton ginning, cotton, silk, wool, carpet weaving), food (including canning, tea, tobacco, wine) industries. Crops of grain, fodder, industrial crops. The main industrial crops are cotton, tobacco, and tea. Early vegetable growing, subtropical fruit growing. The main branches of livestock farming are sheep breeding, dairy and beef cattle breeding, and poultry farming. Sericulture.

The monetary unit is manat.

Brief sketch of culture

Art and architecture. Baku. Old town of the 9th century; Ishe-ri-Sheher fortress and minaret, built in 1078; Khan's palace of the 17th century Tabriz. The Blue Mosque of 1465, famous for its remarkable glaze decoration.

The science. X. Amirkhanov (1907-1986) - physicist who discovered the effect of thermal rectification.

Literature. Nizami Ganjavi (c. 1141-c. 1209) - poet and thinker, author of “Khamsa” (a cycle of 5 poems): “Treasury of Secrets”, “Khosrow and Shirin”, “Leili and Majnun”, “Seven Beauties” and “ Iskander-name"; Muhammad Fizuli (1494-1556), Azerbaijani lyric poet (3 collections of ghazals, qasidas, rubai; political satire “Book of Complaints”); Mirza Akhundov (1812-1878) - educational writer, philosopher, who influenced the development of social thought of the peoples of the Middle East (the comedies “Molla Ibrahim Khalil, the Alchemist”, “Monsieur Jordan, the Botanist”, “Hadji Kara”, the story “Deceived Stars” ).

Music. U. Hajibeyov (1885-1948) - composer, founder of the professional musical art of Azerbaijan (operas “Leyli and Majnun”, “Korogly”, musical comedy “Arshin Mal Alan”), cantatas, symphonic works, etc.

Armenia is a state located in the South Caucasus. On the geographical map you can see that this country occupies the northwestern part of the Armenian Highlands. It is surrounded by the Caspian and Black Seas. At the same time, waterways have been closed to Armenia since 1921. The Lesser Caucasus is located in the north and east of the state.
The largest river in the country is the Araks. The state is separated from Iran by a river border. The water border of Armenia with Turkey also runs along the Araks and Akhuryan rivers.

In 1915, the genocide of the Armenian population occurred in the lands controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Many Armenians were killed and deported.
1918 is the year of the proclamation of the first Republic of Armenia - an independent state located in the southwest of Transcaucasia.
When the First World War ended, at the end of the summer of 1920 the Treaty of Sèvres was signed, as a result of which Armenia was recognized by Turkey as an “independent state”. These two countries came under the authority of American President Woodrow Wilson on the issue of border arbitration within the vilayets of Trebizond, Erzurum, Bitlis and Van. Under the conditions of the head of the United States, Armenia received access to the Black Sea in the Batumi region.
Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia needed to resolve the issue of mutual borders during negotiations. If they could not agree, the Allied powers entered into negotiations.

Official and unofficial neighbors

The state border of Armenia is a line on a vertical surface that defines the boundary of the country's territory by land, water, subsoil and airspace.
Who or what does Armenia border with? The state has neighbors - Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Georgia, which are members of the UN, as well as the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Armenia does not border with Russia.
In Nagorno-Karabakh there is the city of Martakert (Agdere). It is the administrative center of the Martakert region, although Azerbaijan considers it part of its Terter region.
Armenia has an advantageous position. It borders Europe and Asia. For this reason, it is called a transcontinental state.

Border crossing

Except for the territory where Armenia borders Nagorno-Karabakh, crossing it is allowed in all other sections of the state border. For this purpose, special checkpoints have been created where all procedures provided for by law are observed.
It is impossible to get to Azerbaijan and Turkey through existing border crossings. Crossing the border with these countries is carried out by rail via train through Georgia and by ferry across the Black Sea.

Border security

The state border of Armenia is guarded by the country's border troops and partly by the Russian army. All land areas are protected. The Armenia-Iran border is guarded by Russian troops, as well as the Armenia-Türkiye border. The Russians are doing this together with the Armenian armed forces. The Armenia-Azerbaijan border and the Armenia-Georgia border are guarded by Armenian border guards.

The Republic of Azerbaijan is a state in the eastern part of Transcaucasia on the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea. Located at the intersection of Western Asia and Eastern Europe. The largest country in the Transcaucasian region.

It borders with Russia (Dagestan) and Georgia (Kvemo Kartli and Kakheti) in the north, Armenia in the west and Iran in the south. The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, an exclave of Azerbaijan, borders Armenia in the northeast, Iran in the south, and Turkey in the west.

Part of the territory of Azerbaijan is controlled by the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, part by Armenia (exclaves of Karki, Barkhudarli, Upper Askipara). Azerbaijan, in turn, controls part of the territory of Armenia (exclave of Artsvashen).

The capital of the country is the city of Baku. In 1918, Elizavetpol (Ganja) was the capital for several months. The capitals of historical state formations are located on the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan: the cities of Ganja, Sheki, Shusha, Kabala, Barda, Shemakha and Nakhichevan.

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, proclaimed in 1918, is called the first democratic secular republic in the Muslim world.

Azerbaijan lies on the border of Europe and Asia.

About half of the territory of Azerbaijan is occupied by mountains. In the north there is the Caucasus ridge, in the middle part there is the Kura-Araks lowland, in the southeast there are the Talysh mountains and the Lenkoran lowland.

Azerbaijan is the largest of the Transcaucasian republics in terms of area (the declared area is about 86.6 thousand sq. km, the actually controlled area is about 75 thousand sq. km). The territory of the Azerbaijan Republic from north to south is 400 km, and from west to east - 500 km. Extreme points: northern - Mount Guton (3648 m) (41°54" N), southern - Astara River (38°25" N), eastern - Oil Rocks (50°49" E), western - Lake Dzhandargel (44°46'E).

The climatic zones of Azerbaijan are varied - from the warm and humid subtropics of the Lenkoran lowland and Talysh to the snowy highlands of the Caucasus. Numerous rivers have significant energy resources, which creates favorable conditions for the construction of hydroelectric power stations with reservoirs and artificial irrigation systems. The main river is Kura. Irrigation canals: Upper Karabakh, Upper Shirvan and others, the Mingachevir reservoir is important.

The soils are predominantly grey-earth, in the mountains brown and brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow; in the Lenkoran Lowland there are yellow soils. Vegetation of dry steppes, semi-deserts, high mountain meadows; There are broad-leaved forests in the mountains.

Among the natural resources, a special place belongs to the excellent climatic and hydrotherapeutic resorts of Azerbaijan.

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, 9 out of 11 climate types are observed in Azerbaijan. Average July temperatures range from +5 °C in high mountain areas to +25-27 °C in lowland areas (maximum +32-35 °C, but sometimes reaches +40 °C). Average temperatures in January are 10 °C in the highlands and +4 °C in the lowlands. Atmospheric precipitation ranges from 200 mm/year in the foothills of the Caucasus to 1200-1700 mm/year in the Lenkoran Lowland.

Minerals

The subsoil of Azerbaijan contains valuable minerals: oil and natural gas, alunites, copper ore, gold, molybdenum and others. The republic also has a variety of raw materials for the finishing industry: marble, kaolin, tuff, dolomite.

Such sectors of the national economy as the oil production and fishing industries, maritime transport and ship repair are closely connected with the natural resources of the Caspian Sea.

Flora

Arisema (Arisaema, “One-covered plant”) is a plant of the arum family (Araceae). Distributed in forests of the tropics, subtropics and temperate climates of Asia, China and the Russian Far East.

The territory of the republic has rich and rare flora. Many common plant types in the world are found in a relatively small area. Approximately 450 species of higher plants growing in Azerbaijan are united into 125 orders.

Plant species found in Azerbaijan make up the majority of the total number of plant species growing in the Caucasus. Along with plant species widespread in the Caucasus and other regions, the Azerbaijani flora contains in sufficient quantities about 240 endemic species that grow only in Azerbaijan and are characteristic of its relatively small regions.

Fauna